Black Irish, Oliver Cromwell, English Civil Wars, Scotland, Ireland

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

For the most part, accounts summarise the two sides that fought the English Civil Wars as the Royalist Cavaliers of Charles I of England versus the Parliamentarian Round-heads of Oliver Cromwell.

However, as with many civil wars, loyalties shifted for various reasons, and both sides changed significantly during the conflicts.

In part 5 of these articles: we recap on the previous articles via summaries and introduced Dr Samuel Johnson, and His Eyewitness Account, pertaining to the Status and Ethnicity of the People living in the Hebrides, Northern Scotland, UK.

Including direct quotations from the book,"The Journal of a tour to the Hebrides, with Samuel Johnson", around 1773 AD, describing the Status and Ethnicity of the People living in the Hebrides, Northern Scotland, UK, around that time. Followed by Warning you not to read or buy any of  any edition of the book that has been published after 1810 AD, due to all the references to the word "Black or Blacks" being deleted. WHY? To cover their tracks because of to much falsifications. If you tell to many lies, then you need 10 x more to cover each lie and sooner or later one will soon be entangled in one's webs of lies.

We have been able to authentically established the status and ethnicity of the people living in Northern Scotland around 16 and 1700 AD. Now we are about to introduce you to the historicity of indentured Black Scots and Irish to America and the Caribbean. Including displaying Negroid looking Images for 3 more Stuart Descendants.

A Mulatto looking (Mixed Race), John Stewart, Seventh Earl of Galloway

Note: Oliver Cromwell was not directly descended from Thomas Cromwell himself but from Thomas's sister, Katherine, who had married Oliver's great-great-grandfather Morgan Williams, after which the family began adopting the Cromwell surname. Judging from his portraits, Oliver may well have been a Mulatto, yet he was responsible for the Genocide of Blacks in Ireland and Scotland.

As a reminder of what Cromwell did! From the book: White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America by Colin G. Calloway.

Living at the borders of an expanding English empire, Highlanders and Indians confronted colonialism with all its variegated assaults on their autonomy, land, and culture. Calloway, the son of a Highland Scot and a renowned scholar of Native American history, is well poised to explore the tangled histories of these two groups.

Page 26: The Macleods of Dunvegan suffered huge casualties when Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scots at Worcester, and Cromwell transported hundreds of Scots prisoners as indentured servants to Virginia and the West Indies.

Cromwell invaded Scotland in 1650 and 1651 and built a fort at Inverness “to preserve the peace of the country, and keep the highlands in awe, which they effectually did all his time,” wrote Daniel Defoe, who toured the region in the 1720s.

Christina Snyder review, Quote: Calloway borrows his title from Georgia's founder James Oglethorpe, who raised a motley army of "White people, Indians, and highlanders" to fight against Spanish Floridians. In Oglethorpe's time, many Britons categorised Highland Scots and Indians as savage non-whites, pointing out that both held land communally, used kinship to structure their societies, and maintained warrior traditions. Highlanders and Indians, Calloway argues, did have much in common, but he emphasises their parallel and sometimes convergent historical experiences rather than their seemingly similar cultures.

Above: The Negro Head in the family crests of Bownell, Buckworth, Haliburton, Hallyburton, Soame and Stewart, Fairbairn Book of Crests - plate 121. It has been removed or deleted from the later editions of the book. It seems to be a familiar pattern not a coincident. But WHY? the evidence is overwhelming.

Henrietta Anne Stuart, daughter of Henrietta Maria & Charles I

Ireland History
During most of this time, the Irish Confederate Wars (another civil war), continued in Ireland, starting with the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and ending with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

Its incidents had little or no direct connection with those of the English Civil War, but the wars were inextricably mixed with, and formed part of, a linked series of conflicts and civil wars between 1639 and 1652 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which at that time shared a monarch, but were distinct countries in political organisation.

These linked conflicts are also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by some recent historians, aiming to have a unified overview, rather than treating parts of the other conflicts as a background to the English Civil War.

1625 - Charles I of England accedes to the English throne, and shortly after marries a French, Bourbon, Roman Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria. 1628 - Charles recalls Parliament; Parliament draws up Petition of Right which Charles reluctantly accepts. John Felton murders George Villiers in Portsmouth. 1642 - 23 February - Henrietta Maria goes to the Netherlands with Princess Mary and the crown jewels. 1649 - 9 March - Engager Duke of Hamilton, Royalist Earl of Holland, and Royalist Lord Capel were beheaded at Westminster

Royal Stuart, Family Crest

Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable, but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates. In England, a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war-related disease during the three civil wars. Historical records count 84,830 dead from the wars themselves.

Counting in accidents and the two Bishops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved.

Figures for Scotland are more unreliable and should be treated with greater caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home.

There are no figures to calculate how many died from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved. (8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England, Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured labourers).

Figures for Ireland are described as "miracles of conjecture". Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was unbelievable, with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty, the father of English demography. Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as being tentative.

Family Crest of the Douglas family, Scotland, UK 

They do not include the estimate of 40,000 driven into exile, some of whom served as soldiers in European continental armies, while others were sold as indentured servants to New England and the West Indies.

Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered, but many of those sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death. Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants were killed through plague, war and famine, and that 504,000 Catholics were killed, giving an estimated total of 618,000 dead.

These estimates indicate that England suffered a 3.7% loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6%, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41% of its population. Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular. The Great Hunger of 1845–1852 resulted in a loss of 16% of the population, while during the Second World War the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16%. Above; the family crescent of another famous Black Clan in Scotland, UK, called Douglas.

The Black man on the right has disappeared from the modern crests. He would have been referred to as a wild Indian savage at that time. And below; one of the many modern family crest of the Douglas family. Note: Both the Black man and White man standing proudly by his side has vanished again.

One of the many modern family crest of the Douglas family

The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the Commonwealth of England after the English Civil War. It began with the overthrow, and execution, of Charles I in January 1649, and ended with the restoration of Charles II on May 29, 1660.

Whence the (‘Black Irish” of Jamaica? JOSEPH J. WILLIAMS, S.J., Ph.D., Litt. D., F.R.S.A., F.R.G.S., F.A.G.S. ($2.00, New York: Dial Press, 1932.)

Five years residence in Jamaica impressed Father Williams with the fact that the Jamaica Negroes were unlike all other Negro types that he had seen. Particularly among those of Gold Coast origin he found claims and remnants of Judaism. His resultant studies led to his Hebrewisms of West Africa (1930). But another outstanding fact was the large number of Negroes with pure Irish names.

These negroes could not be explained as descendants of slaves owned by early Irish colonists, for no such names appear among the land-owners in the survey of 1670.

John Stewart Earl of Traquir

So Father Williams turns to English records of the crushing of the Irish, by Cromwell, with consequent deportations of large numbers of Irish as bondmen or bond-maids to the West Indies-especially Barbados, where such names as Cavan, Collins, Connolly, Donovan, Duffey, Dunn, Grogan, Kelly, McCann, McSwiney, McDermott, Moriarity, O’Brien, O’Neal, O’Halloran, Walsh, abound in the old cemeteries.

Father Williams gives pictures of Jamaica negro children named Collins, Walsh, McKeon, McDermott, Burke, Mackey, McCormack, Kennedy. His bibliography on the deportations and barbarities includes 175 sources. Beyond this his 100-page monograph does not go.

Excerpts:
JAMAICA - ARRIVAL 1600S: The Irish arrived in Jamaica over 350 years ago in the mid-1600s at the time of British Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell's capture of Jamaica. When British Admirals Penn and Venables failed in their expedition to take Santo Domingo from the Spanish, they turned their attention to Jamaica, not wanting to return to Cromwell empty-handed.

With reinforcements from British-held Barbados (many of whom were Irish) they made quick work of dispatching the weak Spanish defence and soon realized that they needed workers to support their new prize. They looked eastward to islands already under British control, Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Montserrat, and imported young, mainly male, bonded servants, many of whom were Irish.

In 1641 Ireland's population stood close to 1.5 million. Following a 1648 battle in Ireland known as the "Siege of Drogheda" in which Irish rebels were brutally subdued, Oliver's son, Henry, was named Major General in command of English forces in Ireland.

Estonian Negroid, White skin Blond hair

Under his jurisdiction, thousands of Irish men and women were shipped to the West Indies to provide a source of indentured labour. Between 1648 and 1655, over 12,000 political prisoners alone were sent to Barbados. This was the first set to come involuntarily as prior to that the Irish had willingly chosen to subject themselves to terms of indenture for the chance to start a new life in the New World upon completion of their contracts.

By 1652, Ireland's population had dwindled to a little over half a million famine, rebellion and forced deportation, all factors.Throughout the early years of the 1650s there was a push to send young men and women to the colonies in what the English believed was a "measure beneficial to the people removed, who might thus be made English and Christians.

And a great benefit to the West India sugar planters, who desired the men and boys for their bondsmen, and the women and Irish girls in a country where they had only Maroon women and Negresses to solace them" (Williams, 1932, pp. 10-11). The 13-year war from 1641-1654 had left behind large numbers of widows and deserted wives.

In addition, many Irish men, their properties confiscated by Cromwell had no means of making a living. By 1655 some 6,400 Irish had been shipped off when in March all orders to capture "all wanderers, men and women and other such Irish in their possession" were revoked (Williams, pp. 12-13). Modern-day Estonian Negroid, White skin, Blond hair, could some of the many of the Black Irish and Scots looked like this male or female?

End of part 6 of 7. The next blog 14/01/19: First arrival of the indentured Black Irish and Scots in the Caribbean and America., especially Jamaica and Barbados.