Catholic, Irish, Ireland, Britain, Black Irish, Williams

FIRST STOP
The first stop for many of the Irish, Catholic and non-Catholic, was Barbados where they worked from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. with a two-hour lunch break, under the command of an overseer. Shirt and drawers were their only clothes and their homes, cabins made of sticks and plantain leaves (Williams, 1932, p. 42).

CGrigory Zinoviev (left), Claude McKay (Centre), Nikolai Bukharin (right) 1923

Following the 1655 British conquest of Jamaica, Irish labourers were largely sent from Barbados as well as Ireland to get the island up and running under British control. Within a decade, when many Irish had served their terms or indenture, their names begin to appear among the lists of Jamaican planters and settlers (Williams, p. 53). Irish Jamaican writer Claude McKay (center), whose work would help spark the Harlem Renaissance, with Bolshevik revolutionaries Grigory Zinoviev (left) and Nikolai Bukharin (right) in 1923. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons).

Book "Whence The Black Irish of Jamaica 1932

LAST SHIPMENTS 1800S
It is estimated that somewhere between 30,000 and 80,000 Irish were shipped from Ireland. One of the last shipments was made in 1841 from Limerick aboard the Robert Kerr. The Gleaner noted of these arrivals:

"They landed in Kingston wearing their best clothes and temperance medals," meaning they did not drink alcohol (as quoted in Mullally, 2003, part 2, pg. 1).

The Gleaner also noted of another set of arrivals in 1842: "The Irish are repeatedly intoxicated, drink excessively, are seen emerging from grog shops very dissolute and abandoned and are of very intemperate habits" (as quoted in Mullally, 2003, part 3, p. 2).

So the Irish gained a reputation for being something of a mixed blessing ¬ saints and sinners. However, other European immigrants did not seem to fare as well as the Irish in the tropical climate.

In the mid-1830s, for example, when the government was particularly concerned about replacement labour for the newly-freed slaves on the sugar and coffee plantations, over 1,000 Germans and close to 200 Portuguese from Madeira, the Azores and Portugal notched a high mortality rate.

Typical Black Irish Jamaican

The idea was to eventually create townships for the European immigrants in the island's highlands where the temperature was cooler and they would work as small farmers, labourers, and artisans on coffee estates and cattle pens. {Comment: Clearly Caucasian Europeans could not withstand working under the "Burning Caribbean Sun".

This proves the lie that "Indentures" in the Caribbean were White}. However, this would take time and in order to maintain pre-abolition levels of production, labour was needed in Jamaica's low-lands where the best land for sugar cultivation was located.

Hence the implementation of bounties for European immigrants and the institution of ships like the Robert Kerr, known as "man-traps" and sub-agents who wandered into quiet Irish towns and attracted people with the promise for free passage, high wages and the hope of bettering their lives.

The immigration of Europeans never filled the abolition labour gap and so by 1840, the government began to look to the Maltese, the free Negroes in the United States and the Asians. In 1842 laws to break up what had been completed of the townships were passed and the idea of highland colonisation was abandoned.

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War.

Scientific Racism in Action via "The Anglicization of the Irish people"

After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. On 6 February, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II as King of Great Britain in succession to his father but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he accepted Presbyterianism throughout the British Isles.

When negotiations stalled, Charles authorised General Montrose to land in the Orkney Islands with a small army to threaten the Scots with invasion, in the hope of forcing an agreement more to his liking. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway.

This Sign is Full of Clues

He was captured and executed. Charles reluctantly promised that he would abide by the terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda, and support the Solemn League and Covenant, which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain.

Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, Charles II formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters. Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 and several months later, invaded Scotland after the Scots had proclaimed Charles II as king. Cromwell was much less hostile to Scottish Presbyterians, some of whom had been his allies in the First English Civil War than he was to Irish Catholics. He described the Scots as a people "fearing His [God's] name, though deceived".

Note: The sign no Irish, Blacks or Dogs, is a clue in itself. Because it singled out the Irish race out of all the European races in relation to Black people, and the went on to also relate Black people to Dogs.

King Charles II, AKA The Black Boy, Debunked

Why did they not use the sign no Scottish, Blacks or Dogs, or no Spanish, Blacks or Dogs, or even no Portuguese, Blacks or Dogs, or no Albanians, Blacks or Dogs, or no Arab, Blacks or Dogs, no Indians, Blacks or Dogs, etc? Think about all these examples and come up with more, including what you have already learned and you should soon come to a conclusion one way or the other.

He made a famous appeal to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, urging them to see the error of the royal alliance—"I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken." The Scots' reply was robust: "would you have us to be skeptics in our religion?" This decision to negotiate with Charles II led Cromwell to believe that war was necessary.

Cromwell defeated Charles at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands.

An Article from IRISH AMERICAN COM, By Ray Cavanaugh, Contributor June / July 2018. Please Note that this article is half-truth and half-false. Excerpt from IRISH AMERICAN COM'S Article: That Irish is Jamaica’s second-most predominant ethnicity may come as a surprise, especially to those outside the country. It all started in 1655 when the British failed in their efforts to claim Santo Domingo from the Spaniards and took Jamaica as a consolation prize. Of course, the British also had been quite active in Ireland, where, between 1641 and 1652, about half the population had been wiped out. War, famine, and plague played roles in this decline. Another lesser-known factor was slavery.

As part of his “Western Design,” Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell was expanding his ventures in the Caribbean; as part of his “Settlement in Ireland,” he was tyrannizing many of the natives. To enslave Irish natives and transport them to the West Indies was a fine way to unite both agendas.

Mixed Race Or  (MULATTOES) ALL of the IRISH DESCENDANT

Another dynamic was that few if any, Englishwomen were willing to emigrate to the West Indies, so slave catchers and plantation owners began indulging a sweet tooth for the Irish colleen.

Elliott O’Donnell’s 1915 book The Irish Abroad paints a rather vivid scene: “Gangs of [Cromwell’s] soldiers invaded Connaught, and pouncing on all the women and girls they could find, drove them in gangs to Cork.” At Cork, the slave catchers began to assess their plunder, among other activities.

WARNING BULLSHIT ALERT: In relation to "White Slaves or White Servitude" without mentioning the Black Irish indentures and slaves.
A 1969 Ebony magazine article, “White Servitude in America” by African American scholar Lerone Bennett, Jr., mentions various colonial undertakings involving white cargo, including a special 1655 project to bring “some 1,000 young Irish girls to Jamaica for breeding purposes.” Though Bennett says it’s unknown what ultimately became of this particular plan, his article talks about a colonial tradition that “in some cases” saw “whites, blacks, and reds [indigenous Americans]” being “sold from the same stand.”

John Patrick Prendergast’s 1868 work The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland tells of a 1654 order (concerning the Governors of Carlow, Clonmel, Kilkenny, Ross, Waterford, and Wexford) requiring that “all wanderers, men and women, and such other Irish” who were lacking a “settled course of industry” be “transported to the West Indies.” Also ordered for transport were “all prisoners” and “such children as were in hospitals or workhouses.”

Bustamante and John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office, 1962. (Photo: Robert Knudsen. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston)

James Curtis Ballagh’s 1895 work White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia says: “Oliver Cromwell in preparing for his settlement of Ireland did not hesitate to transport large numbers of the dispossessed Irish as slaves to the West Indies.” Into “such shameful slavery” thousands of Irish women were dispatched, relates Justin H. McCarthy’s 1883 book An Outline of Irish History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.

Of course, a need for hard labour on the Caribbean plantations ensured that Irish men were claimed as well.

Black people different types of Features 

Sir Alexander Bustamante (1884-1977), Jamaica’s first president. Bustamante’s father was born in Ireland. Date unknown. (Photo: National Library of Jamaica Photograph Collection / Wikimedia Commons).

Writing in the 1660s, a Rev. John Lynch, author of Cambrensis Eversus, describes the Caribbean-bound Irish: “many droves of old men and youths [and] a vast multitude of virgins and matrons […] the former might pass their lives in hard slavery, and the latter maintain themselves even by their own prostitution.” Lynch added: “Many priests are sent away to the islands of the Indies that they might be sold by auction.”
Delivering his Sixth Donnellan Lecture in 1901, Anglican minister G. Robert Wynne remarked: “The victories of Cromwell in the English and Irish wars of the Long Parliament furnished thousands of white slaves to till the fertile Jamaican valleys.” These Irish were accustomed to hard work, but they were totally unacquainted with the hot Caribbean climate. Though their bondage was often a death sentence, enough of the Irish survived that by 1670 they already accounted for a significant part of Jamaica’s population. Thousands of Irish slaves were steered to Barbados.

Mordern-day Irish Family incorporating Mixed Race Children and a Couple, living in Ireland, Irish Mother and African Dad

However, Jamaica, being 25 times larger, was soon proving the more lucrative venue. In fact, quite a few owners of Barbadian plantations relocated their operations to Jamaica. And Joseph J. Williams in his 1932 book Whence the “Black Irish” of Jamaica? relates that the early Jamaican Irish in large part came from Barbados.

Catholicism was ardently suppressed in Jamaica, so the Catholic religion largely faded away within a few generations. However, other signs of the Irish were beginning to take hold. Among these signs was the prominence of Irish surnames. Even today in Jamaica, one can locate a Burke, Collins, Kennedy, Mackey, McCormack, McDermott, McKeon, O’Hare, or Walsh, along with many others.
Aside from surnames, Ireland also has taken root among place names in Jamaica. For example, there is an “Irish Pen” in a section of the country known as St. Catherine Parish, as well as “Dublin Castle” and “Irish Town” in St. Andrew Parish. Additionally, there are roads given such names as Leitrim and Longford.

Are these Black Scottish or Irish, Indentures or Slaves? Misrepresentation again?

Some of the most eminent Jamaicans have been of Irish extraction. Among these are Alexander Bustamante, Jamaica’s first prime minister upon achieving its independence in 1962 and whose father, Robert Constantine Clarke, was an Irishman, and Claude McKay, the native Jamaican writer who later would migrate to New York City and help spark the Harlem Renaissance.

Writing for the Irish cultural website The Wild Geese, Rob Mullally highlights similarities between Ireland and Jamaica: both are relatively small island nations that shared the same master for over a quarter-millennium, won their independence in the 20th century, and yet continued to see large amounts of emigration. End of part 7 of 7.  Next blog 18/01/19.

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