Melanesian, New Guinea, Australians, DNA, Malaria, Africa

It appears that Melanesians originated from at least two migrations from Africa. The first migration involved a group of people who travelled to S.E Asia from Africa along the coastline of Southern Asia, starting 100,000 years ago. These people share their DNA with the Pygmies of the Congo area. Relics of this original population can be found on the Andaman Islands and in the highlands of New Guinea.

A Congolese Girl with Blue Eyes. Can you recognise the affinity between the Symbols on her face and Igbo Artifacts? 

As well as having common DNA markers, they brought with them the bow and arrow, Divination Systems and the Malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Another migration, possibly 75,000 years ago, were a people similar to the Vedda of India, Batak of Lake Toba, Australian Aborigine and Ainu as well as people who once lived in the far reaches of Tierra del Fuego. Can you recognise the affinity between the Symbols on her face and Igbo, Indus Valley and Sumerian Symbols?

The third migration of much taller Africans entered Melanesia, only 10,000 years ago, bringing with them the Malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, the bottle-gourd and jack bean. At this same time, there appeared a largely agricultural economy, with large irrigation canals, still visible today.

A New Guinea Woman

This was totally out of character with the technological development of the rest of New Guinea. Recent studies have shown a large number of African genes, amongst the people of the Amazon River, dating back to about 10,000 years.

This is associated with extensive agricultural earthworks and pottery. Both earthworks and pottery are similar to sites of ancient civilisations of a similar age in Africa, around areas such as Lake Chad.

Cultivated plants, including cotton, jack-beans, and the bottle-gourd, which appear to have reached South and Central America, from Africa before 7000 BCE, would have been essential for oceanic voyagers.

The cotton would have been used for rope and clothing, the jack beans for food and the Bottle-gourd (Large), for holding water and Palm-wine, as well as Bottle-gourd (Small), for holding plant medicine or magic potion. Schwerin1970; Simmonds 1976; Lathrap 1977.

Wendel, Schnabel, and Seelanan (1995) have now established the identity, through DNA sequences, of 26 chromosome cotton varieties grown both in Africa and in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, presumably a result of early human activity. This cotton is also found throughout the Pacific, yet the Polynesians don't use it. There also appears to be a possible connection between early African voyaging and the very early pottery of the lower Amazon (10,000-8,000 BCE) reported by Roosevelt et al. (1991) and Hoopes (1994).

Hoeppli (1969) identified African parasitic diseases that were present in early America and were able to distinguish them from those brought later by the slave trade. Some South American populations, especially the Ge groups of eastern Brazil, possess some seemingly African traits.

Malaria Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum

Recent studies on the Malaria parasite gene have shown that small populations of Plasmodium Falciparum appeared in Africa and spread around the world with migrating populations, as much as 100,000 years ago.

Both the parasite and the mosquito underwent rapid evolutions about 10,000 years ago, forming Plasmodium vivax, which ranges widely through Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas.

Their coincidence with the development of settled agricultural societies seems to be a telling clue to the history of the disease and the movement of men around the world.

It appears that early African Agriculturalists have gone further than just the Amazon River. 10,000 years ago they crossed the Isthmus of Panama and their adventurous spirit led them into the Pacific Ocean, following the sun, with the wind behind them and a favourable ocean current, they cruised into the heart of Melanesia, searching for a big river, they established themselves on mainland New Guinea up the Wahgi Valley.

Calabash Bottle Gourd, called "ADO" in the Yoruba Language

Bringing with them the Bottle-gourd, jack bean, Malaria, and advanced agricultural society. Mr Tim Denham, in excavating the Kuk Swamp, in the Upper Wahgi Valley in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, in 1998 and 1999 uncovered mounds of earth, dated to 7000-6400 years ago, that was designed to aerate soggy soil so that it could be used for planting in areas that were poorly drained.

This is a similar style of swamp farming used in the upper Amazon River, recently found by another team of archaeologists.

Just as the Amazon Indians never chose to continue the civilisation that came their way, neither did the Highlanders of New Guinea. In fact, most of these Melanesia still practice the religion of Ancestral worship and divination probably in its most ancient form. DNA: Wendel, Schnabel, and Seelanan; Roosevelt et al, Hoopes, Hoeppli
Archaeologist: Mr Tim Denham

England made its first successful efforts at colonization at the start of the 17th century for several reasons. During this era, English proto-nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion, assisted by a degree of Protestant militarism and the energy of Queen Elizabeth.

Malaria Life Cycle

At this time, however, there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire. Rather, the motivation behind the founding of colonies was piecemeal and variable. Practical considerations, such as commercial enterprise, overpopulation and the desire for freedom of religion, played their parts.

In June of 1606, King James I granted a charter to a group of London entrepreneurs, the Virginia Company, to establish a satellite English settlement in the Chesapeake region of North America.

By December, 104 settlers sailed from London instructed to settle Virginia, find gold, and seek a water route to the Orient. Some traditional scholars of early Jamestown history believe that those pioneers could not have been more ill-suited for the task. Because Captain John Smith identified about half of the group as "gentlemen".

On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony on the banks of the James River, 60 miles from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. While disease, famine, and continuing attacks of neighbouring Algonquians took a tremendous toll on the population, there were times when the Powhatan Indian trade revived the colony with food in exchange for glass beads, copper, and iron implements.

It appears that the eventual structured leadership of Captain John Smith kept the colony from dissolving. The "Starving Time" winter followed Smith's departure in 1609 during which only 60 of the original 214 settlers at Jamestown survived.

Jack Bean, Canavalia Ensiformis

That June, the survivors decided to bury cannon and armour and abandon the town. It was only the arrival of the new governor, Lord De La Ware, and his supply ships that brought the colonists back to the fort and the colony back on its feet.

Although the suffering did not totally end at Jamestown for decades, some years of peace and prosperity followed the wedding of Pocahontas, the favoured daughter of the Algonquian chief Powhatan, to tobacco entrepreneur John Rolfe. The first representative assembly in the New World convened in the Jamestown church on July 30, 1619. The General Assembly met in response to orders from the Virginia Company "to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia" which would provide "just laws for the happy guiding and governing of the people there inhabiting."

Banjar people of Borneo, the ancestors of the Malagasy and Comorian people

Also in August of 1619, the first Supposedly "documented Africans Slaves" were brought to Jamestown. There are many different stories about this "supposed" event: From PBS: "It is late summer: Out of a violent storm appears a Dutch ship. The ship's cargo hold is empty except for twenty or so Africans whom the captain and his crew have recently robbed from a Spanish ship. The captain exchanges the Africans for food then sets sail."

When digesting Caucasian type presented history, we must all use critical analysis: Question, what would colonists, who could barely feed themselves, want with 20 Slaves in August, when all that is left to do is the harvest? Slaves that they would have to feed over the winter, with little work done in return. If they put them in the fields, how would they keep them from running away?

Rungus Tribe of Borneo has a serious affinity with the Khoisan Tribes of Southern-Africa 

Crops take months to grow if they could hardly feed themselves, how would they feed 20 more mouths in the meantime - pure Caucasian nonsense. Better yet, a recently uncovered census shows that Blacks were present in Virginia before 1619 (DH consortium). Which of course means that Blacks were part of the original expedition. End of part 3 of 4. Next blog 28/04/19.

Penon Woman, Negro, African, Black, Canada, Tishkoff

Penon Woman: Penon woman has been characterized as a Negro and is physically different from Native Americans. The Penon skeleton has been dated between 12,500-15,000BP. The skull of Penon woman is dolichocephalic like most Negroes, not brachycephalic (short and broad) like modern Native Americans. She is related to the Fuegians of Parana Argentina and the Luizia population of Brazil.

Penon Woman ReconstructedMexico 

Some researchers claim that these skeletons are of Australian or Melanesian Blacks.

This is highly unlikely given the fact that that has been found near the Atlantic Ocean and suggestive of migration from Africa to Mexico, like the migration of the Olmec 11,000 years later.

This view is supported by the discovery of the so-called Eva Neharon skeleton (c.13,600 ) dating to around the same period found in the Caribbean.

By 11,500 we see the appearance tall Negroes from Africa in Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil e.g., Luiza. Negroes settled America both from the Bearing & South America. Cite an archaeological site where Amerind skeletons have been found prior to the Negro skeletons.

The Term "African American" was it a Mistake?
Here we wish to examine some of the issues surrounding the term African American. The term is not very old, perhaps 30-40 years old. Some say that it was Jesse Jackson who popularized the term, no telling who actually coined it, but it was arrived at by trial and error. Going into those times, the terms "BLACK" and "AFRICAN" were INSULT terms. The preferred terms were "COLOURED" or "NEGRO".

With the awakening of "SOME" Blacks who were still in a racism induced stupor during the world-wide independence movements, and the "Civil Rights" movement in the United States. A new racial term was needed to UNITE the formally disparate Blacks in the United States. Logically, the things that could Unite all Black Americans were the facts that they were all now Americans, and that at one time, irrespective of recent nationality, like all humans, they all originated in Africa.

A Fuegians of Terra del Fuego 1830 AD

 So the term "African American" was used: casually at first, then as a standard term.

Because there was no knowledge of ancient Black history among the people who created the term, there was no thought as to what confusions and misconceptions would be caused by the term "African American".

Amazingly and unfortunately, it fed right into the Caucasian type narrative efforts to falsify Black history by hiding the facts that the original settlers of the Americas and Europe, were Black people.

Some of the young, unaware of the genesis of the term, actually think that the term means that someone had actually DETERMINED that all Blacks in the Americas were from Africa – i.e. imported as African Slaves. Nothing could be further from the truth, as we will now demonstrate statistically.

Where did most Black Americans come from? All serious scientists agree that the TOTAL number of African slaves imported into the United States was approximately 500,000.

Some estimate that an additional 38,000 to 50,000 Slaves were smuggled into the United States from the Caribbean after the Slave-trade was outlawed in 1808. So, assuming that all blacks in the United States were from Africa, by 1865 (when slavery was outlawed) the maximum number of African slaves imported to the United States was 550,000. In statistical analysis there is a mathematical formula for calculating the time needed for a population to DOUBLE – it is called Doubling time! Doubling time: (Wiki) 

The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, and many other things which tend to grow over time.

Fox Indians, Wisconsin, USA, 1781 AD 

When the relative growth rate (not the absolute growth rate) is constant, the quantity undergoes exponential growth and has a constant doubling time or period which can be calculated directly from the growth rate. This time can be calculated by dividing the natural logarithm of 2 by the exponent of growth, or approximated by dividing 70 by the percentage growth rate (more roughly but roundly, dividing 72; see the rule of 72 for details and a derivation of this formula).

The doubling time is a characteristic unit (a natural unit of scale) for the exponential growth equation, and its converse for exponential decay is the half-life. For example, given Canada's net population growth of 0.9% in the year 2006, dividing 70 by 0.9 gives an approximate doubling time of 78 years. Thus if the growth rate remains constant, Canada's population would double from its 2006 figure of 33 million to 66 million by 2084.

Seminole Indian Scouts 1890 AD

NATURALLY, CANADA'S POPULATION IS AMONG THE WORLDS HEALTHIEST, AND IN NO WAY COULD BE COMPARED TO UNDERFED OVERWORKED SLAVES OF LONG AGO. BUT THE CANADIAN NUMBERS WILL BE USED TO MAKE THE STRONGEST POINT.

In 1808 the importation of Slaves from Africa was outlawed. At that time there were about 1,377,808 Blacks (1810 numbers, the actual number was a little less) in the United States.

Using the Canadian doubling time of 78 years, by 1886 the BEST the Black population of the United States could have been was: 2,755,616. So that by the time of the 1900 census, the MOST the Black population of the United States could have been would be about 2,810,000.

THE ACTUAL BLACK POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1900 WAS 8,840,789
(Of course, using the actual slave number of 550,000 produces even greater disparity in population numbers). Question: WHERE DID THE OTHER 6,030,789 BLACK AMERICANS, NOT FROM AFRICA, COME FROM?

One of the most famous studies is that of Sarah A. Tishkoff's "The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans". We will now do an analysis of her study. The (4) African American populations that she took her samples from were the following U.S. cities: (Chicago, population 2,874,312), (Pittsburgh, population 307,484), (Baltimore, population 621,342), (North Carolina, which is a state with many cities and a population of 9,752,073). Those cities are in "NO WAY UNIQUELY" representative of Black Americans!

Already it must be apparent that Tishkoff's study is a cruel joke on Black people, but it gets worst! She uses a total of 98 people to represent the over 44 million Blacks in the United States! The breakdown of the 98 people is as follows: 15 people from Chicago, 21 from Pittsburgh, 44 from Baltimore, 18 from North Carolina. Anyone thinking: "Those ridiculously few people were at least scientifically chosen" NO!

Natives of St Vincent and Grenadines 1730 AD 

It still gets worst: Tishkoff states that: "The ancestry of African Americans is predominantly from Niger-Kordofanian (approximately 71%)." What she means is NOT the Niger-Kordofanian people - there is no such thing. What she means is the Niger-Kordofanian "LANGUAGE GROUP". Another name for the "Niger-Kordofanian" language group, is the Niger-Congo language group. The problem is that most people in Africa speak the Niger-Congo languages - so no uniqueness there.

But the true stupidity of Tishkoff's study does not become apparent until you ask the question; What does DNA have to do with what language you speak? The people reading this are English speakers, so let us use English as an example. English is an Indo-European language:

Paracas Textile Weaving

These first foreign-born Blacks in Virginia (as opposed to Native American Blacks) were probably the Black Scotsman who was defeated by Oliver Cromwell in his invasions of Scotland in the 1600s. And followed by the Black Irish. This is detailed in the book: " White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America by Colin G. Calloway". Quote: When Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scots at Worcester, Cromwell transported hundreds of Scots prisoners as indentured servants to Virginia and the West Indies" Page 26.

The fact that these Scotsman were Black men, is confirmed by many publications of those times: and as detailed by previous articles on "Black Britain". Click here for the link. It is from these sources that we can envision what really happened in Europe: The Caucasian seeds ended Black Rule by Exterminating Black People and Expelling the Survivors into Slavery. They then took their lands and their History and called it their own. End of part 2 of 4. Next blog 21/04/19.

The First Americans were Khoisan, Bering Strait, Craniometry, Y chromosome

The First Americans were Khoisan
The first Americans sailed to America from Africa. They had to have come from Africa because the last ICE AGE blocked people from crossing the Bering straits before 16kya. As any inquisitive 10-year-old that love history, for the entirety of learning history from primary to secondary school, even in Africa itself there are hardly any positive things that were taught pertaining to the historicity of the people of colours. I always leave my history lessons feeling empty, having learned about the glorification of other races achievements.

Illustration of the Ice Age Map

It was constantly hammered into our Noddle that the Caucasian type-men were the first explorer on our planet. Nothing could be further from the truth. Remember most truth are half-false and most falsehoods are a half-truth. In fact, everything they assert on the subject matter of Black history bears a direct relation to their own uneventful history apart from wars, destruction of contrary historical evidence, anglicisation, indentures, massacres, and the slave-trade.

If you could not cross the Bering until 14kya and all the skeletons of ancient inhabitants are found near the Atlantic coastline the people had to have come from Africa given the fact the craniometrics indicate that they were of the African variety, and ice blocked any possible movement of people from the Pacific to Argentina and Chile where some of the evidence of early man has been found. The first Americans did not cross the Bearing Straits to enter the Americas.

An Illustration of the Ice Age Map

By using the science of Craniometriorlogy and paleontology, the affinities between writings and languages, religion and rituals and other important evidence, collected over the years by eminent Caucasian, Black, Brown and other scientists via archaeological researches to assert that the first human explorers were Africans.

And a brief introduction into the science of Craniometrologic Coefficient of Racial Likeness. The earliest sites for Negroes date between 20,000 and 40000 years ago Old Crow Basin Canada(38,000BC) Pedra Furada (45,000BC) Brazil. These people were Khoisan type according to Dr. Dixon, & Dr. Marquez(p.179). Chile: Monteverde (12,500 years), Tierra del Fuego, Cueva de Fell, Tres Arroyos, and some other places. There are older ones in the Argentinian Patagonia. The ethnicity of the remains found in the aforementioned sites was determined using Craniometry.

CRANIOMETRY
Craniometry is the measurement of the cranium (the main part of the skull), usually the human cranium. It is a subset of cephalometry, measurement of the head, which in humans is a subset of anthropometry, measurement of the human body. The science of measuring skulls, chiefly to determine their characteristic relationship to sex, body type, or genetic population. The skulls of the bodies found were carefully preserved for craniometric examination. Measurement of the skull to determine its characteristics.

Pedra Furada, Brazil

In understanding the Coefficient of Racial Likeness the first thing to be noted is that it is a test of significance. This is a technical term, standing for an idea very prevalent in experimental science, which no one need fail to understand, for it can be made plain in very simple terms. Let us suppose, for example, that we have measurements of the stature of a hundred Englishmen and a hundred Frenchmen. It may be that the first group is, on the average, an inch taller than the second, although the two sets of heights will overlap widely.

If the two groups have been chosen from their respective populations in such a way as not to be random samples of the populations they represent, then an examination of the samples will clearly not enable us to compare these populations ; but even if our samples are satisfactory in the manner in which they have been obtained, the further question arises as to whether a difference of the magnitude observed might not have occurred by chance, in samples from populations of the same average height.

Cave Painting from one of the many littered across Pedra Furada, Brazil

If the probability of this is considerable, that is, if it would have occurred in fifty, or even ten, percent. of such trials, the difference between our samples is said to be " insignificant." If its probability of occurrence is small, such as one in a thousand, or one in a hundred, or even one in twenty trials, it will usually be termed (( significant," and be regarded as providing substantial evidence of an average difference in stature between the two populations sampled.

Reconstructed Face of Luzia 9,500 BCE

In the first case, the test can never lead us to assert that the two populations are identical, even in stature. We can only say that the evidence provided by the data is insufficient to justify the assertion that they are different. In the second case, we may be more positive.

We know that either our sampling has been exceptionally unfortunate, or that the populations really do differ in the sense indicated by the available data. The chance of our being deceived in the latter conclusion may be very small and, what is more important, maybe calculable with accuracy, and without reliance on personal judgment.

Consequently, while we require a more stringent test of significance for some conclusions than for others, no one doubts, in practice, that the probability of being led to an erroneous conclusion by the chances of sampling only, can, by repetition or enlargement of the sample, be made so small that the reality of the difference must be regarded as convincingly demonstrated.

It may be asked how we can speak of" how often " a certain average will be recorded in a thousand trials when, in fact, we have only one sample to base our knowledge on.

If indeed, we had a thousand samples of ~n~lishmen, all of the same number, we could, of course, see in how many of them, if in any, the observed average stature was as low as in the French sample. We could do the same mutatis mutandis if we had a thousand similar samples of Frenchmen. But, in fact, we have only supposed ourselves to possess one sample from each nation. The point is really one which deserves attention, and the failure to make it clear is certainly responsible for a great part of the misapplication and consequent mistrust from which statistical reasoning has suffered.

The first Americans were Khoisan speakers. The Penon woman of Mexico and Luzia of Brazil were probably Khoisan. this is supported by the ancient Y-chromosomes of the Fuegians of South America.

Fuegians Drawing and modern Khoisan Image

We said the Fuegians were related to the Khoisan because of the Y-chromosomes they carried. Fuegians 100-400 BP carried haplogroup A1. Hg A1 is an African haplogroup.

The y chromosome STRs of the Fuegians include DYS434,DYS437,DYS 439, DYS 393, DYS391,DYS390,DYS19, DYS 389I, DYS389II and DYS 388 (see: Garcia-Bour et al above). Except for DYS390 and DYS388 they are characteristic of haplogroup A1 .Y-chromosome A1 is recognized as one of the oldest African haplogroup.

Book: García-Bour J., 2004 Early population differentiation in extinct aborigines from Tierra del Fuego-Patagonia: ancient mtDNA sequences and Y chromosome STR characterization. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 123, 361–370. (doi:10.1002/ajpa.10337) CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004 Apr;123(4):361-70. See:  http://docencia.med.uchile.cl/smg/pdf/GARCIA-BOUR-fueguian2004.pdf  In 1959 archaeologists found the Penon woman skeleton at Mexico City. End of Part 1 of  4. The next blog 14/04/19.

Egyptian Mystery, Clement of Alexandria, Curriculum, Origen

The education of the Egyptian Priests consisted also of specialization in magic. According to Herodotus, the Egyptian Priests possessed supernatural powers, for they had been trained in the esoteric philosophy of the Greater Mysteries, and were experts in Magic. They had the power of controlling the minds of men (hypnosis), the power of predicting the future (prophecy) and the power over nature, (i.e., the power of Gods) by giving commands in the name of the Divinity and accomplishing great deeds.

Delphos

Herodotus also tells us that the most celebrated Oracles of the ancient world were located in Egypt: Hercules at Canopis; Apollo at Apollinopolis Magna; Minerva at Sais; Diana at Bubastis; Mars at Papremis; and Jupiter at Thebes and Ammonium; and that the Greek Oracles were Egyptian imitations.

Here it might be well to mention that the Egyptian Priests were the first genuine Priests of history, who exercised control over the laws of nature. Here it might also be well to mention that the Egyptian Book of the Dead is a book of magical formulae and instructions, intended to direct the fate of the departed soul.

 It was the Prayer Book of the Mystery System of Egypt, and the Egyptian Priest received training in post-mortem conditions and the methods of their verification. It must also be noted that Magic was applied to religion or primitive scientific methods.

(The Egyptian Book of the Dead; Herodotus Bk. II 109, 177; Sandford's Mediterranean World, p. 27; 507; Definition of Magic, Frazier's Golden Bough). The black man depicted is "Delphos," the eponym of Delphi. The father of Delphos in one ancient story was Apollo; in another, Poseidon. The "Delphic Oracle" occupied an important ancient seat of prophecy at Delphi.

Titus Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria (Greek: Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; 150 AD to 215 AD), was a Christian theologian who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. A convert to Christianity, he was an educated man who was familiar with classical Greek philosophy and literature.

Neither Clement's birthdate nor birthplace is known with any degree of certainty. It is conjectured that he was born sometime around 150 CE. According to Epiphanius Scholasticus, he was born in Athens, but there is also a tradition of an Alexandrian birth.

Clement of Alexandria

His parents were pagans?, and Clement was a convert to Christianity. In the Protrepticus he displays an extensive knowledge of Greek mythology and mystery religions, which could only have arisen from the practice of his family's religion.

Having rejected paganism as a young man due to its perceived moral corruption, he travelled in Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Egypt. Clement's journeys were primarily a religious undertaking. In Greece, he encountered an Ionian theologian, who has been identified as Athenagoras of Athens; while in the east, he was taught by an Assyrian, sometimes identified with Tatian, and a Jew, who was possibly Theophilus of Caesarea.

In around 180, Clement reached Alexandria, where he met Pantaenus, who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. Eusebius suggests that Pantaenus was the head of the school, but it is controversial whether the institutions of the school were formalized in this way before the time of Origen. Clement studied under Pantaenus and was ordained to the priesthood by Pope Julian before 189. Otherwise, virtually nothing is known of Clement's life in Alexandria. He may have been married, a conjecture supported by his writings.

During the Severian persecutions of 202–203, Clement left Alexandria. In 211, Alexander of Jerusalem wrote a letter commending him to the Church of Antioch, which may imply that Clement was living in Cappadocia or Jerusalem at that time. The date and location of his death are unknown.

Alexander was originally from Cappadocia and became its first bishop. Afterward, he was associated as coadjutor with the Bishop of Jerusalem, Saint Narcissus, who was, at that time, very old. Alexander had been imprisoned for his faith in the time of Roman Emperor Alexander Severus. After his release, he came to Jerusalem, where the aged Bishop Narcissus prevailed on Alexander to remain and assist him in the government of that see.

Alexander of Jerusalem

It was Alexander who permitted Origen, despite being a layman, to speak in the churches. For this concession, he was taken to task, but he defended himself by examples of other permissions of the same kind given even to Origen himself elsewhere, although then quite young. Alban Butler says that they had studied together in the great Christian school of Alexandria. Alexander ordained him a priest.

Alexander is praised for the library he built at Jerusalem. Though at his time Jerusalem was officially known as Aelia Capitolina, the name used by the Roman authorities since the city was rebuilt by Emperor Hadrian, Christian tradition persisted in using the original name.

A Comparison of the Curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System with the Lists of Books Attributed to Aristotle.

The Curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System consisted of the following subjects:
(i) The Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the foundation training for all Neophytes and included: grammar, Arithmetic, Rhetoric, and Dialectic (i.e., the Quadrivium) and Geometry, Astronomy and Music (i.e., the Trivium).

(ii) The Sciences of the 42 Books of Hermes
In addition to the foundation training prescribed for all Neophytes, those who sought Holy Orders had to be versed in the books of Hermes and according to Clement of Alexandria, their orders and subjects were as follows:—

(a) The Singer or Odus, who must know two books of Hermes dealing with Music i.e., the hymns of the Gods.

(b) The Horoscopus, who must know four books of Hermes dealing with Astronomy.

(c) The Hierogrammat, who must know the hieroglyphics, cosmography, geography, astronomy and the topography of Egypt and Land Surveying.

(d) The Stolistes, who must know the books of Hermes that deal with the slaughter of animals and the process of embalming.

(e) The Prophetes, who is the President of the temple, must know ten books of Hermes dealing with higher esoteric theology and the whole education of priests.

Origen

(f) The Pastophori, who must know six books of Hermes, which are medical books, dealing with physiology, the diseases of males and females, anatomy, drugs, and instruments.

(iii) The Sciences of the Monuments (Pyramids, Temples, Libraries, Obelisks, Phinxes, Idols);—
Architecture, masonry, carpentry, engineering, sculpture, metallurgy, agriculture, mining, and forestry. Art (drawing and painting).

(iv) The Secret Sciences
Numerical symbolism, geometrical symbolism, magic, the Book of the Dead, myths, and parables.

(v) The Social Order and Its Protection
The Priests of Egypt were also Lawyers, Judges, officials of government, Business Men, Sailors and Captains. Hence, they must have been trained in Economics, Civics, Law, Government, Statistics, census taking, navigation, shipbuilding, military science, the manufacture of chariots and horse breeding.

If we compare 3A with 3B which immediately follows, we would discover that the curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System covered a much wider range of scientific subjects than those of Aristotle's list, which it includes.

Note also that The Seven Liberal Arts: The Quadrivium and Trivium originated from the Egyptian Mysteries.
(The Mechanical Triumphs of the Ancient Egyptians by F. M. Barber).

Bust of Emperor Alexander Severus

(The Book of the Foundation of Temples by Moret).
(A short history of Mathematics by W. W. R. Ball).
(The Problem of Obelisks by R. Engelbach).
(The Great Pyramid Its Divine Message by D. Davidson).
(History of Mathematics by Florian Cajori).

B. Aristotle's list of books, prepared by himself.
(1) Aristotle is said to have prepared a list of books in the following order (B. D. Alexander's Hist. of Phil. p. 97; Wm. Turner's Hist. of Phil. p. 129).
(i) Theoretic whose purpose was the truth, and which included (a) Mathematics (b) Physics and (c) Theology.
(ii) Practical, whose purpose was usefulness, and which included (a) Ethics (b) Economics (c) Politics and

(iii) Poetic or Productive, whose purpose was beauty, and which included (a) Poetry (b) Art and (c) Rhetoric. An examination and comparison of 3 A. with 3 B. show that (a) The Curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System included all the scientific and philosophic subjects credited to the authorship of Aristotle. (b) The books attributed to Aristotle's authorship cannot be dissociated from Egyptian origin, as elsewhere referred to, both through the plunder of the Royal Library of Alexandria and through research carried on at the centre by Aristotle himself.

As has been mentioned elsewhere, the writings of Aristotle are disputed by modern scholarship (Wm. Turner's Hist. of Phil. p. 127) and I feel more justified in making the comparison between the curriculum of the Mystery System and the list said to be drawn up by Aristotle himself; rather than with the notorious list of one thousand books, whose subjects are nevertheless included under the curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System.

Illustration of Origen's Self-Castration

ORIGEN
Origen, who was a native of Egypt wrote as follows: "Apud Aegyptios nullus aut geometrica studebat, aut astronomiae secreta remabatur, nisi circumncisione suscepta." Meaning (No one among the Egyptians, either studied geometry, or investigated the secrets of Astronomy, unless circumcision had been undertaken).

Origen of Alexandria[a] (c. 184 – c. 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.

He was a prolific writer who wrote roughly 2,000 treatises on multiple branches of theology, including textual criticism, biblical exegesis, and biblical hermeneutics, homiletics, and spirituality. He was one of the most influential figures in early Christian theology, apologetics, and asceticism. He has been described as "the greatest genius the early church ever produced".

Origen sought martyrdom with his father at a young age but was prevented from turning himself in to the authorities by his mother. When he was eighteen years old, Origen became a catechist at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. He devoted himself to his studies and adopted an ascetic lifestyle as both a vegetarian and teetotaler. He came into conflict with Demetrius, the bishop of Alexandria, in 231 after he was ordained as a presbyter by his friend, the bishop of Caesarea, while on a journey to Athens through Palestine.

Demetrius condemned Origen for insubordination and accused him of having castrated himself and of having taught that even Satan would eventually attain salvation, an accusation that Origen himself vehemently denied. Origen founded the Christian School of Caesarea, where he taught logic, cosmology, natural history, and theology, and became regarded by the churches of Palestine and Arabia as the ultimate authority on all matters of theology.

He was tortured for his faith during the Decian persecution in 250 and died three to four years later from his injuries. End of part 2 of 2. Next blog 07/04/19. Less than 1 million slaves were transported to the Americas from Africa, according to officially documented evidence. Where did the remaining 8 million come from?