Penon Woman, Negro, African, Black, Canada, Tishkoff

Penon Woman: Penon woman has been characterized as a Negro and is physically different from Native Americans. The Penon skeleton has been dated between 12,500-15,000BP. The skull of Penon woman is dolichocephalic like most Negroes, not brachycephalic (short and broad) like modern Native Americans. She is related to the Fuegians of Parana Argentina and the Luizia population of Brazil.

Penon Woman ReconstructedMexico 

Some researchers claim that these skeletons are of Australian or Melanesian Blacks.

This is highly unlikely given the fact that that has been found near the Atlantic Ocean and suggestive of migration from Africa to Mexico, like the migration of the Olmec 11,000 years later.

This view is supported by the discovery of the so-called Eva Neharon skeleton (c.13,600 ) dating to around the same period found in the Caribbean.

By 11,500 we see the appearance tall Negroes from Africa in Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil e.g., Luiza. Negroes settled America both from the Bearing & South America. Cite an archaeological site where Amerind skeletons have been found prior to the Negro skeletons.

The Term "African American" was it a Mistake?
Here we wish to examine some of the issues surrounding the term African American. The term is not very old, perhaps 30-40 years old. Some say that it was Jesse Jackson who popularized the term, no telling who actually coined it, but it was arrived at by trial and error. Going into those times, the terms "BLACK" and "AFRICAN" were INSULT terms. The preferred terms were "COLOURED" or "NEGRO".

With the awakening of "SOME" Blacks who were still in a racism induced stupor during the world-wide independence movements, and the "Civil Rights" movement in the United States. A new racial term was needed to UNITE the formally disparate Blacks in the United States. Logically, the things that could Unite all Black Americans were the facts that they were all now Americans, and that at one time, irrespective of recent nationality, like all humans, they all originated in Africa.

A Fuegians of Terra del Fuego 1830 AD

 So the term "African American" was used: casually at first, then as a standard term.

Because there was no knowledge of ancient Black history among the people who created the term, there was no thought as to what confusions and misconceptions would be caused by the term "African American".

Amazingly and unfortunately, it fed right into the Caucasian type narrative efforts to falsify Black history by hiding the facts that the original settlers of the Americas and Europe, were Black people.

Some of the young, unaware of the genesis of the term, actually think that the term means that someone had actually DETERMINED that all Blacks in the Americas were from Africa – i.e. imported as African Slaves. Nothing could be further from the truth, as we will now demonstrate statistically.

Where did most Black Americans come from? All serious scientists agree that the TOTAL number of African slaves imported into the United States was approximately 500,000.

Some estimate that an additional 38,000 to 50,000 Slaves were smuggled into the United States from the Caribbean after the Slave-trade was outlawed in 1808. So, assuming that all blacks in the United States were from Africa, by 1865 (when slavery was outlawed) the maximum number of African slaves imported to the United States was 550,000. In statistical analysis there is a mathematical formula for calculating the time needed for a population to DOUBLE – it is called Doubling time! Doubling time: (Wiki) 

The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, and many other things which tend to grow over time.

Fox Indians, Wisconsin, USA, 1781 AD 

When the relative growth rate (not the absolute growth rate) is constant, the quantity undergoes exponential growth and has a constant doubling time or period which can be calculated directly from the growth rate. This time can be calculated by dividing the natural logarithm of 2 by the exponent of growth, or approximated by dividing 70 by the percentage growth rate (more roughly but roundly, dividing 72; see the rule of 72 for details and a derivation of this formula).

The doubling time is a characteristic unit (a natural unit of scale) for the exponential growth equation, and its converse for exponential decay is the half-life. For example, given Canada's net population growth of 0.9% in the year 2006, dividing 70 by 0.9 gives an approximate doubling time of 78 years. Thus if the growth rate remains constant, Canada's population would double from its 2006 figure of 33 million to 66 million by 2084.

Seminole Indian Scouts 1890 AD

NATURALLY, CANADA'S POPULATION IS AMONG THE WORLDS HEALTHIEST, AND IN NO WAY COULD BE COMPARED TO UNDERFED OVERWORKED SLAVES OF LONG AGO. BUT THE CANADIAN NUMBERS WILL BE USED TO MAKE THE STRONGEST POINT.

In 1808 the importation of Slaves from Africa was outlawed. At that time there were about 1,377,808 Blacks (1810 numbers, the actual number was a little less) in the United States.

Using the Canadian doubling time of 78 years, by 1886 the BEST the Black population of the United States could have been was: 2,755,616. So that by the time of the 1900 census, the MOST the Black population of the United States could have been would be about 2,810,000.

THE ACTUAL BLACK POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1900 WAS 8,840,789
(Of course, using the actual slave number of 550,000 produces even greater disparity in population numbers). Question: WHERE DID THE OTHER 6,030,789 BLACK AMERICANS, NOT FROM AFRICA, COME FROM?

One of the most famous studies is that of Sarah A. Tishkoff's "The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans". We will now do an analysis of her study. The (4) African American populations that she took her samples from were the following U.S. cities: (Chicago, population 2,874,312), (Pittsburgh, population 307,484), (Baltimore, population 621,342), (North Carolina, which is a state with many cities and a population of 9,752,073). Those cities are in "NO WAY UNIQUELY" representative of Black Americans!

Already it must be apparent that Tishkoff's study is a cruel joke on Black people, but it gets worst! She uses a total of 98 people to represent the over 44 million Blacks in the United States! The breakdown of the 98 people is as follows: 15 people from Chicago, 21 from Pittsburgh, 44 from Baltimore, 18 from North Carolina. Anyone thinking: "Those ridiculously few people were at least scientifically chosen" NO!

Natives of St Vincent and Grenadines 1730 AD 

It still gets worst: Tishkoff states that: "The ancestry of African Americans is predominantly from Niger-Kordofanian (approximately 71%)." What she means is NOT the Niger-Kordofanian people - there is no such thing. What she means is the Niger-Kordofanian "LANGUAGE GROUP". Another name for the "Niger-Kordofanian" language group, is the Niger-Congo language group. The problem is that most people in Africa speak the Niger-Congo languages - so no uniqueness there.

But the true stupidity of Tishkoff's study does not become apparent until you ask the question; What does DNA have to do with what language you speak? The people reading this are English speakers, so let us use English as an example. English is an Indo-European language:

Paracas Textile Weaving

These first foreign-born Blacks in Virginia (as opposed to Native American Blacks) were probably the Black Scotsman who was defeated by Oliver Cromwell in his invasions of Scotland in the 1600s. And followed by the Black Irish. This is detailed in the book: " White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America by Colin G. Calloway". Quote: When Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scots at Worcester, Cromwell transported hundreds of Scots prisoners as indentured servants to Virginia and the West Indies" Page 26.

The fact that these Scotsman were Black men, is confirmed by many publications of those times: and as detailed by previous articles on "Black Britain". Click here for the link. It is from these sources that we can envision what really happened in Europe: The Caucasian seeds ended Black Rule by Exterminating Black People and Expelling the Survivors into Slavery. They then took their lands and their History and called it their own. End of part 2 of 4. Next blog 21/04/19.

The First Americans were Khoisan, Bering Strait, Craniometry, Y chromosome

The First Americans were Khoisan
The first Americans sailed to America from Africa. They had to have come from Africa because the last ICE AGE blocked people from crossing the Bering straits before 16kya. As any inquisitive 10-year-old that love history, for the entirety of learning history from primary to secondary school, even in Africa itself there are hardly any positive things that were taught pertaining to the historicity of the people of colours. I always leave my history lessons feeling empty, having learned about the glorification of other races achievements.

Illustration of the Ice Age Map

It was constantly hammered into our Noddle that the Caucasian type-men were the first explorer on our planet. Nothing could be further from the truth. Remember most truth are half-false and most falsehoods are a half-truth. In fact, everything they assert on the subject matter of Black history bears a direct relation to their own uneventful history apart from wars, destruction of contrary historical evidence, anglicisation, indentures, massacres, and the slave-trade.

If you could not cross the Bering until 14kya and all the skeletons of ancient inhabitants are found near the Atlantic coastline the people had to have come from Africa given the fact the craniometrics indicate that they were of the African variety, and ice blocked any possible movement of people from the Pacific to Argentina and Chile where some of the evidence of early man has been found. The first Americans did not cross the Bearing Straits to enter the Americas.

An Illustration of the Ice Age Map

By using the science of Craniometriorlogy and paleontology, the affinities between writings and languages, religion and rituals and other important evidence, collected over the years by eminent Caucasian, Black, Brown and other scientists via archaeological researches to assert that the first human explorers were Africans.

And a brief introduction into the science of Craniometrologic Coefficient of Racial Likeness. The earliest sites for Negroes date between 20,000 and 40000 years ago Old Crow Basin Canada(38,000BC) Pedra Furada (45,000BC) Brazil. These people were Khoisan type according to Dr. Dixon, & Dr. Marquez(p.179). Chile: Monteverde (12,500 years), Tierra del Fuego, Cueva de Fell, Tres Arroyos, and some other places. There are older ones in the Argentinian Patagonia. The ethnicity of the remains found in the aforementioned sites was determined using Craniometry.

CRANIOMETRY
Craniometry is the measurement of the cranium (the main part of the skull), usually the human cranium. It is a subset of cephalometry, measurement of the head, which in humans is a subset of anthropometry, measurement of the human body. The science of measuring skulls, chiefly to determine their characteristic relationship to sex, body type, or genetic population. The skulls of the bodies found were carefully preserved for craniometric examination. Measurement of the skull to determine its characteristics.

Pedra Furada, Brazil

In understanding the Coefficient of Racial Likeness the first thing to be noted is that it is a test of significance. This is a technical term, standing for an idea very prevalent in experimental science, which no one need fail to understand, for it can be made plain in very simple terms. Let us suppose, for example, that we have measurements of the stature of a hundred Englishmen and a hundred Frenchmen. It may be that the first group is, on the average, an inch taller than the second, although the two sets of heights will overlap widely.

If the two groups have been chosen from their respective populations in such a way as not to be random samples of the populations they represent, then an examination of the samples will clearly not enable us to compare these populations ; but even if our samples are satisfactory in the manner in which they have been obtained, the further question arises as to whether a difference of the magnitude observed might not have occurred by chance, in samples from populations of the same average height.

Cave Painting from one of the many littered across Pedra Furada, Brazil

If the probability of this is considerable, that is, if it would have occurred in fifty, or even ten, percent. of such trials, the difference between our samples is said to be " insignificant." If its probability of occurrence is small, such as one in a thousand, or one in a hundred, or even one in twenty trials, it will usually be termed (( significant," and be regarded as providing substantial evidence of an average difference in stature between the two populations sampled.

Reconstructed Face of Luzia 9,500 BCE

In the first case, the test can never lead us to assert that the two populations are identical, even in stature. We can only say that the evidence provided by the data is insufficient to justify the assertion that they are different. In the second case, we may be more positive.

We know that either our sampling has been exceptionally unfortunate, or that the populations really do differ in the sense indicated by the available data. The chance of our being deceived in the latter conclusion may be very small and, what is more important, maybe calculable with accuracy, and without reliance on personal judgment.

Consequently, while we require a more stringent test of significance for some conclusions than for others, no one doubts, in practice, that the probability of being led to an erroneous conclusion by the chances of sampling only, can, by repetition or enlargement of the sample, be made so small that the reality of the difference must be regarded as convincingly demonstrated.

It may be asked how we can speak of" how often " a certain average will be recorded in a thousand trials when, in fact, we have only one sample to base our knowledge on.

If indeed, we had a thousand samples of ~n~lishmen, all of the same number, we could, of course, see in how many of them, if in any, the observed average stature was as low as in the French sample. We could do the same mutatis mutandis if we had a thousand similar samples of Frenchmen. But, in fact, we have only supposed ourselves to possess one sample from each nation. The point is really one which deserves attention, and the failure to make it clear is certainly responsible for a great part of the misapplication and consequent mistrust from which statistical reasoning has suffered.

The first Americans were Khoisan speakers. The Penon woman of Mexico and Luzia of Brazil were probably Khoisan. this is supported by the ancient Y-chromosomes of the Fuegians of South America.

Fuegians Drawing and modern Khoisan Image

We said the Fuegians were related to the Khoisan because of the Y-chromosomes they carried. Fuegians 100-400 BP carried haplogroup A1. Hg A1 is an African haplogroup.

The y chromosome STRs of the Fuegians include DYS434,DYS437,DYS 439, DYS 393, DYS391,DYS390,DYS19, DYS 389I, DYS389II and DYS 388 (see: Garcia-Bour et al above). Except for DYS390 and DYS388 they are characteristic of haplogroup A1 .Y-chromosome A1 is recognized as one of the oldest African haplogroup.

Book: García-Bour J., 2004 Early population differentiation in extinct aborigines from Tierra del Fuego-Patagonia: ancient mtDNA sequences and Y chromosome STR characterization. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 123, 361–370. (doi:10.1002/ajpa.10337) CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004 Apr;123(4):361-70. See:  http://docencia.med.uchile.cl/smg/pdf/GARCIA-BOUR-fueguian2004.pdf  In 1959 archaeologists found the Penon woman skeleton at Mexico City. End of Part 1 of  4. The next blog 14/04/19.

Egyptian Mystery, Clement of Alexandria, Curriculum, Origen

The education of the Egyptian Priests consisted also of specialization in magic. According to Herodotus, the Egyptian Priests possessed supernatural powers, for they had been trained in the esoteric philosophy of the Greater Mysteries, and were experts in Magic. They had the power of controlling the minds of men (hypnosis), the power of predicting the future (prophecy) and the power over nature, (i.e., the power of Gods) by giving commands in the name of the Divinity and accomplishing great deeds.

Delphos

Herodotus also tells us that the most celebrated Oracles of the ancient world were located in Egypt: Hercules at Canopis; Apollo at Apollinopolis Magna; Minerva at Sais; Diana at Bubastis; Mars at Papremis; and Jupiter at Thebes and Ammonium; and that the Greek Oracles were Egyptian imitations.

Here it might be well to mention that the Egyptian Priests were the first genuine Priests of history, who exercised control over the laws of nature. Here it might also be well to mention that the Egyptian Book of the Dead is a book of magical formulae and instructions, intended to direct the fate of the departed soul.

 It was the Prayer Book of the Mystery System of Egypt, and the Egyptian Priest received training in post-mortem conditions and the methods of their verification. It must also be noted that Magic was applied to religion or primitive scientific methods.

(The Egyptian Book of the Dead; Herodotus Bk. II 109, 177; Sandford's Mediterranean World, p. 27; 507; Definition of Magic, Frazier's Golden Bough). The black man depicted is "Delphos," the eponym of Delphi. The father of Delphos in one ancient story was Apollo; in another, Poseidon. The "Delphic Oracle" occupied an important ancient seat of prophecy at Delphi.

Titus Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria (Greek: Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; 150 AD to 215 AD), was a Christian theologian who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. A convert to Christianity, he was an educated man who was familiar with classical Greek philosophy and literature.

Neither Clement's birthdate nor birthplace is known with any degree of certainty. It is conjectured that he was born sometime around 150 CE. According to Epiphanius Scholasticus, he was born in Athens, but there is also a tradition of an Alexandrian birth.

Clement of Alexandria

His parents were pagans?, and Clement was a convert to Christianity. In the Protrepticus he displays an extensive knowledge of Greek mythology and mystery religions, which could only have arisen from the practice of his family's religion.

Having rejected paganism as a young man due to its perceived moral corruption, he travelled in Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Egypt. Clement's journeys were primarily a religious undertaking. In Greece, he encountered an Ionian theologian, who has been identified as Athenagoras of Athens; while in the east, he was taught by an Assyrian, sometimes identified with Tatian, and a Jew, who was possibly Theophilus of Caesarea.

In around 180, Clement reached Alexandria, where he met Pantaenus, who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. Eusebius suggests that Pantaenus was the head of the school, but it is controversial whether the institutions of the school were formalized in this way before the time of Origen. Clement studied under Pantaenus and was ordained to the priesthood by Pope Julian before 189. Otherwise, virtually nothing is known of Clement's life in Alexandria. He may have been married, a conjecture supported by his writings.

During the Severian persecutions of 202–203, Clement left Alexandria. In 211, Alexander of Jerusalem wrote a letter commending him to the Church of Antioch, which may imply that Clement was living in Cappadocia or Jerusalem at that time. The date and location of his death are unknown.

Alexander was originally from Cappadocia and became its first bishop. Afterward, he was associated as coadjutor with the Bishop of Jerusalem, Saint Narcissus, who was, at that time, very old. Alexander had been imprisoned for his faith in the time of Roman Emperor Alexander Severus. After his release, he came to Jerusalem, where the aged Bishop Narcissus prevailed on Alexander to remain and assist him in the government of that see.

Alexander of Jerusalem

It was Alexander who permitted Origen, despite being a layman, to speak in the churches. For this concession, he was taken to task, but he defended himself by examples of other permissions of the same kind given even to Origen himself elsewhere, although then quite young. Alban Butler says that they had studied together in the great Christian school of Alexandria. Alexander ordained him a priest.

Alexander is praised for the library he built at Jerusalem. Though at his time Jerusalem was officially known as Aelia Capitolina, the name used by the Roman authorities since the city was rebuilt by Emperor Hadrian, Christian tradition persisted in using the original name.

A Comparison of the Curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System with the Lists of Books Attributed to Aristotle.

The Curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System consisted of the following subjects:
(i) The Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the foundation training for all Neophytes and included: grammar, Arithmetic, Rhetoric, and Dialectic (i.e., the Quadrivium) and Geometry, Astronomy and Music (i.e., the Trivium).

(ii) The Sciences of the 42 Books of Hermes
In addition to the foundation training prescribed for all Neophytes, those who sought Holy Orders had to be versed in the books of Hermes and according to Clement of Alexandria, their orders and subjects were as follows:—

(a) The Singer or Odus, who must know two books of Hermes dealing with Music i.e., the hymns of the Gods.

(b) The Horoscopus, who must know four books of Hermes dealing with Astronomy.

(c) The Hierogrammat, who must know the hieroglyphics, cosmography, geography, astronomy and the topography of Egypt and Land Surveying.

(d) The Stolistes, who must know the books of Hermes that deal with the slaughter of animals and the process of embalming.

(e) The Prophetes, who is the President of the temple, must know ten books of Hermes dealing with higher esoteric theology and the whole education of priests.

Origen

(f) The Pastophori, who must know six books of Hermes, which are medical books, dealing with physiology, the diseases of males and females, anatomy, drugs, and instruments.

(iii) The Sciences of the Monuments (Pyramids, Temples, Libraries, Obelisks, Phinxes, Idols);—
Architecture, masonry, carpentry, engineering, sculpture, metallurgy, agriculture, mining, and forestry. Art (drawing and painting).

(iv) The Secret Sciences
Numerical symbolism, geometrical symbolism, magic, the Book of the Dead, myths, and parables.

(v) The Social Order and Its Protection
The Priests of Egypt were also Lawyers, Judges, officials of government, Business Men, Sailors and Captains. Hence, they must have been trained in Economics, Civics, Law, Government, Statistics, census taking, navigation, shipbuilding, military science, the manufacture of chariots and horse breeding.

If we compare 3A with 3B which immediately follows, we would discover that the curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System covered a much wider range of scientific subjects than those of Aristotle's list, which it includes.

Note also that The Seven Liberal Arts: The Quadrivium and Trivium originated from the Egyptian Mysteries.
(The Mechanical Triumphs of the Ancient Egyptians by F. M. Barber).

Bust of Emperor Alexander Severus

(The Book of the Foundation of Temples by Moret).
(A short history of Mathematics by W. W. R. Ball).
(The Problem of Obelisks by R. Engelbach).
(The Great Pyramid Its Divine Message by D. Davidson).
(History of Mathematics by Florian Cajori).

B. Aristotle's list of books, prepared by himself.
(1) Aristotle is said to have prepared a list of books in the following order (B. D. Alexander's Hist. of Phil. p. 97; Wm. Turner's Hist. of Phil. p. 129).
(i) Theoretic whose purpose was the truth, and which included (a) Mathematics (b) Physics and (c) Theology.
(ii) Practical, whose purpose was usefulness, and which included (a) Ethics (b) Economics (c) Politics and

(iii) Poetic or Productive, whose purpose was beauty, and which included (a) Poetry (b) Art and (c) Rhetoric. An examination and comparison of 3 A. with 3 B. show that (a) The Curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System included all the scientific and philosophic subjects credited to the authorship of Aristotle. (b) The books attributed to Aristotle's authorship cannot be dissociated from Egyptian origin, as elsewhere referred to, both through the plunder of the Royal Library of Alexandria and through research carried on at the centre by Aristotle himself.

As has been mentioned elsewhere, the writings of Aristotle are disputed by modern scholarship (Wm. Turner's Hist. of Phil. p. 127) and I feel more justified in making the comparison between the curriculum of the Mystery System and the list said to be drawn up by Aristotle himself; rather than with the notorious list of one thousand books, whose subjects are nevertheless included under the curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System.

Illustration of Origen's Self-Castration

ORIGEN
Origen, who was a native of Egypt wrote as follows: "Apud Aegyptios nullus aut geometrica studebat, aut astronomiae secreta remabatur, nisi circumncisione suscepta." Meaning (No one among the Egyptians, either studied geometry, or investigated the secrets of Astronomy, unless circumcision had been undertaken).

Origen of Alexandria[a] (c. 184 – c. 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.

He was a prolific writer who wrote roughly 2,000 treatises on multiple branches of theology, including textual criticism, biblical exegesis, and biblical hermeneutics, homiletics, and spirituality. He was one of the most influential figures in early Christian theology, apologetics, and asceticism. He has been described as "the greatest genius the early church ever produced".

Origen sought martyrdom with his father at a young age but was prevented from turning himself in to the authorities by his mother. When he was eighteen years old, Origen became a catechist at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. He devoted himself to his studies and adopted an ascetic lifestyle as both a vegetarian and teetotaler. He came into conflict with Demetrius, the bishop of Alexandria, in 231 after he was ordained as a presbyter by his friend, the bishop of Caesarea, while on a journey to Athens through Palestine.

Demetrius condemned Origen for insubordination and accused him of having castrated himself and of having taught that even Satan would eventually attain salvation, an accusation that Origen himself vehemently denied. Origen founded the Christian School of Caesarea, where he taught logic, cosmology, natural history, and theology, and became regarded by the churches of Palestine and Arabia as the ultimate authority on all matters of theology.

He was tortured for his faith during the Decian persecution in 250 and died three to four years later from his injuries. End of part 2 of 2. Next blog 07/04/19. Less than 1 million slaves were transported to the Americas from Africa, according to officially documented evidence. Where did the remaining 8 million come from?

Egyptian Mystery System, Curriculum, Order, Diodorus, Clement of Alexandria

The Curriculum of the Egyptian Mystery System.
1. The Education of the Egyptian Priests According to Their Orders.
From Diodorus, Herodotus and Clement of Alexandria, we learn that there were six Orders of Egyptian Priests and that each Order had to master a certain number of the books of Hermes/Thoth/Nri/Orunmila. Clement has described a procession of the Priests, calling them by their Order, and stating their qualifications, as follows:

Illustration of The Order of The Singer Odus

First comes the Singer Odus, bearing an instrument of music. He has to know by heart two of the books of Hermes/Thoth; one containing the hymns of the Gods, and the other, the allotment of the king's life.

Followed by the Horoscopus, carrying in his hand a Horologium or sun-dial, and a palm branch; the symbols of Astronomy. He has to know four of the books of Hermes/Thoth, which deal with Astronomy.

Then comes the Hierogrammat, with feathers on his head, and a book in his hand, and a rectangular case with writing materials, i.e., the writing ink and the reed. He has to know the hieroglyphics, cosmography, geography, astronomy, the topography of Egypt, the sacred utensils and measures, the temple furniture and the lands.

Followed by the Stolistes, carrying the cubit of justice, and the libation vessels. He has to know the books of Hermes/Thoth that deal with the slaughter of animals.

Next comes the Prophetes carrying the vessel of water, followed by those who carry the loaves. The Prophetes is the President of the temple and has to know the ten books which are called hieratic, and contain the laws and doctrines concerning the Gods (secret-theology) and the whole education of the Priests. The books of Hermes/Thoth are 42 in number and are absolutely necessary. 36 of them have to be known by the Orders which precede, and contain the whole philosophy of the Egyptians.

The remaining six books must be known by the Order of Pastophori. These are medical books and deal with physiology, male and female diseases, anatomy, drugs, and instruments. The books of Hermes were well known to the ancient world and were known to Clement of Alexandria, who lived at the beginning of the third century A.D.

Illustration of The Order of The Horoscopus

DIODORUS
Diodorus Siculus, Diodoros Sikeliotes) (fl. 1st century BC) or Diodorus of Sicily was a Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca Historica, much of which survives, between 60 and 30 BC. It is arranged in three parts.

The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy, arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India, and Arabia to Greece and Europe.

The second covers the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great. The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca, meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors.

Diodorus' universal history, which he named Bibliotheca Historica was immense and consisted of 40 books, of which 1–5 and 11–20 survive: fragments of the lost books are preserved in Photius and the excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

It was divided into three sections. The first six books treated the mythic history of the non-Hellenic and Hellenic tribes to the destruction of Troy and are geographical in theme, and describe the history and culture of Ancient Egypt (book I), of Mesopotamia, India, Scythia, and Arabia (II), of North Africa (III), and of Greece and Europe (IV-VI).

Illustration of The Order of The Hierogrammat

In the next section (books VII–XVII), he recounts the history of the world from the Trojan War down to the death of Alexander the Great.

The last section (books XVII to the end) concerns the historical events from the successors of Alexander down to either 60 BC or the beginning of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars.

(The end has been lost, so it is unclear whether Diodorus reached the beginning of the Gallic War as he promised at the beginning of his work or, as evidence suggests, old and tired from his labours he stopped short at 60 BC.) He selected the name "Bibliotheca" in acknowledgment that he was assembling a composite work from many sources. Identified authors on whose works he drew include Hecataeus of Abdera, Ctesias of Cnidus, Ephorus, Theopompus, Hieronymus of Cardia, Duris of Samos, Diyllus, Philistus, Timaeus, Polybius, and Posidonius.

His account of gold mining in Nubia in eastern Egypt is one of the earliest extant texts on the topic and describes in vivid detail the use of slave labour in terrible working conditions.

Illustration of The Order of The Stolistes

He also gave an account of the Gauls: "The Gauls are terrifying in aspect and their voices are deep and altogether harsh; when they meet together they converse with few words and in riddles, hinting darkly at things for the most part and using one word when they mean another; and they like to talk in superlatives, to the end that they may extol themselves and depreciate all other men.

They are also boasters and threateners and are fond of pompous language, and yet they have sharp wits and are not without cleverness at learning." (Book 5)

In addition to the education contained in the 42 Books of Hermes, the Priests gained considerable knowledge from the selection and examination of sacrificial victims, and the strict bodily purity which their priestly office imposed.

In addition to the Hierogrammat and Horoscopus, who were skilled in theology and hieroglyphics, a Priest was also a Judge and an interpreter of the law. This led to a select tribunal, which made the Egyptian Priest the custodian of every kind of literature. We are also told that the Science of Statistics was cultivated to the greatest perfection among the Egyptian Priests.

(Diodorus I, 80; Clement of Alexandria; Stromata 6, 4, p. 756; John Kendrick's Ancient Egypt Bk. I, p. 378–379; Bk. II, 85–87; Aelian, Var. Hist. 14, 34; Clement of Alexandria: Stromata 6, 4, p 758: John Kendrick's Ancient Egypt Bk. II p. 31–33).

Illustration of The Order of The Prophetes

2. The Education of the Egyptian Priests in—A. The Seven Liberal Arts. B. Secret Systems of Languages and Mathematical Symbolism. C. Magic.

A. The education of the Egyptian Priests in the Seven Liberal Arts. As has already been pointed out, in connection with Plato and the Cardinal Virtues, the Egyptian Mysteries were the centre of organized culture and the recognized source of education in the ancient world.

Neophytes were graded according to their moral efficiency and intellectual competence and had to submit to many years of tests and ordeals, in order that their eligibility for advancement might be determined. Their education included the Seven Liberal Arts and the virtues. The virtues were not mere abstractions or ethical sentiments, but positive valours and the virility of the soul. Beyond these, the Priests entered upon a course of specialization.

B. The education of the Egyptian Priests consisted also in the specialization in secret systems of language and mathematical symbolism.

Illustration of The Order of The Pastophori

(i) It would appear that there were two forms of writing in use among the Egyptians:

(a) The demotic, believed to have been introduced by Pharaoh Psammitichus, for trade and commercial purposes; and

(b) The hieroglyphics of which there were two forms, i.e., the hieroglyphics proper, and the hieratic a linear form, both of which were used only by the Priests, in order to conceal the secret and mystical meaning of their doctrines. (Clement of Alexandria: Stromata Bk. V. c. 4 p. 657; Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride Bk. II, p. 374; John Kendrick; Ancient Egypt, Bk. II, p. 84; 119, 336, and 245).

(ii) We are also informed that the mystery system of Egypt employed modes of spoken language which could be understood, only by the initiated. These consisted not only of myths and parables; but also of a secret language called Senzar. (Ancient Mysteries: C. H. Vail, p. 23).

(iii) We also understand that the Egyptians attached numerical values both to letters of words and to geometrical figures, with the same intention as with their use of hieroglyphics, i.e., to conceal their teachings. It is further understood that the Egyptian numerical and geometrical symbolism were contained in the 42 Books of Hermes, whose system was the oldest and most elaborate repository of mathematical symbolism. Here again, we are reminded of the source of the number philosophy of Pythagoras. (Ancient Mysteries: C. H. Vail, p. 22–23; Clement of Alexandria: Stromata Book V, c. 7 and 9). End of part 1 of 2. Next blog 31/03/19.