Monday, 21 January 2019
Friday, 18 January 2019
Racialism, Khoisan, Black, Irish, King Niall of the Nine Hostages
Racialism is a nasty but profitable business, By Prof Tim Crowe - 25 April 2017, Rational Standard:
Races among humans are artificial, perverse constructs generated by misapplying the taxonomic category subspecies or by arbitrary socio-political construction. The subspecies, as a biological category, was formalized by Carl Linnaeus, the 18th-Century “father” of taxonomy. Linnaeus and contemporary racist theorists popularized human subspeciation using morphology and “demeanour” to divide us into a handful of “races”. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as “white, sanguine, muscular”; Homo sapiens after as “black, phlegmatic, relaxed”.
‘Racialism’ was probably employed by the earliest humans. Post-Linnaean racialism was further misused to identify a multitude of ‘racial’ groupings sharing a common language, religion, culture, class and/or national affiliation. Within the “First People”, the Southern African KhoiSan, the pastoral Khoi (khoi literally means “People”) regarded morphologically similar, hunter-gatherers as “San” (“Others”).
The ‘San’ (perhaps the earliest genetically-definable modern humans), in turn, have no collective name for themselves and are highly diverse linguistically and genetically – self-identifying as more than ten ‘nations’.
Worldwide, over 200 ‘races’ have been recognized. Within Haiti alone, local people employed more than 100 different racial terms. Also in modern-day Nigeria there are over 1200 dilects. In extreme instances, ‘races’ in power used their ‘superiority’ (and inferred threat) to ’justify’ their hyper-oppression and even genocide of the ‘others’.
Regardless of the number of races‘ recognized’, the primary purpose of human ‘taxonomy’ is to denigrate ‘others’. This is unjustifiable: biologically, culturally, educationally or socio-politically. Nature's biology: Since World War II, there has been widespread agreement that human races have no biological basis. Homo sapiens evolved once, in Africa about 200,000 years ago, and cannot be subdivided further. So, pioneer Pan-Africanist Robert Sobukwe hit the racial ‘nail’ on the head in 1959: “There is only one race to which we all belong, and that is the human race”.
Genetics: Humans all share the same set of genes. The DNA of any two human beings is 99.9% identical. In stark contrast, genetically distinct populations of our nearest living relative, the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes – confined to Central Africa and sometimes less than a mile apart – are more genetically distinct than humans that live on different continents.
There is greater genetic variation within human populations confined to a given continent than between populations from different continents.
For example, within KhoiSan-variation exceeds that among populations from throughout much of ‘non-Africa’, and many Brazilian “whites” have more African ancestry than some US “blacks”.
In short, we are all genomic ‘kissing cousins’.
If ‘genomists’ were forced to ‘discover’ geographically distinct groups from randomly-sampled humans, only a handful of African ones would emerge. The rest of non-African humanity would fall within one or other of these groups. In short, non-African modern humans are genetic ‘paleo-refugees’. The major human genomic groups are not Asians/Africans/Europeans/Native-Americans! Studies claiming the opposite (e.g. newsman Nicholas Wade’s A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History) and that societal differences reflect differential evolution in intelligence, impulsivity, manners, xenophobia, etc. are a “mountain of speculation teetering on a few pebbles”.
‘Racial genomists’ confirmed ‘racialization’ because they first separated the studied-humans by geography and ‘race’, avoiding individuals that don’t easily fall into these categories. Afterward, they searched for the few rapidly-evolving, adaptively neutral, bits of “junk DNA” that can discriminate amongst them.
This ‘strategy’ may recover some traditional racial groups. But they are fabrications based on ‘cherry-picked’ samples. Furthermore, if one pursued this genomic strategy to the extreme, humans could be ‘racialized’ much, much more finely – providing the apartheid-kindred with results that they could have used to ‘justify’ “separate development”.
Genetic Genealogy: This genomic capacity has been exploited by a growing, aggressively-advertised, genetic ‘ancestry’ industry. One can even get a ‘certificate’ indicating your ancestors’ geographical provenance and your geographic (read: racial) genetic makeup.
As far as I can understand, this makes some sense as a probabilistic, forensic scientific statement. But, the accuracy of the ‘diagnosis’ depends inter alia on the markers used and the scale of geographical coverage of the comparative material.
One thing is certain: this ‘genetic astrology’ is not legally actionable evidence of ‘racial’ or genealogical identity. For example, markers derived from one source (e.g. mitochondrial DNA) might place ‘roots’ in one area and suggest a certain ‘racial signature’, and those from Y-chromosomes others. A noteworthy example of human genetic ‘connectedness’ is the finding that millions of Americans may be descendants of the 4th century Irish King, Niall of the Nine Hostages.
During an Oprah Winfrey Show, eminent African-American Harvard historian and ardent ‘genome-genealogist’ Prof. Henry Louis Gates Jr. announced that he and an Irish-American police officer (who arrested him for trying to gain entry to his locked home) are among them!
Also based on this ‘diagnostic capacity’, some 21st-century ‘decolonist’ researchers, e.g. South Africa-based philosopher, Achille Mbembe, seem to advocate the biological rehabilitation of human races. Mbembe maintains that: “ongoing re-articulations of race and recoding of racism are developments in the life sciences, and in particular in genomics” and allow delineation of human races, making them “amenable to optimization by reverse engineering and reconfiguration”. This assertion is based on the above-mentioned blatant misuse of forensic genomics.
Morphology (overall anatomical form) and Physiology: Humans vary strikingly in whole-organism ‘appearance‘. Potential diagnostic features include, inter alia, tolerance to alcohol, body odour, earwax, cold adaptations, eyelid folding, head hair structure, height/mass, high altitude oxygen metabolism, HIV resistance, microbiomes, menarche, pigmentation, steatopygia, prevalence of sickle-cell anaemia and other genetically-based diseases, ability to sense bitterness, toxin tolerance and osteology (especially of the cranium).
But, such physical and physiological variations tend to change clinally (geographically gradually), rather than abruptly and are generally inherited independently of one another. Furthermore, the clinal variation in one trait generally does not parallel that of others and those of genetic markers. In short, they are ‘discordant’; rendering any attempt to establish lines of division among human populations both arbitrary and subjective.
Nial of the Nine Hostages
Niall Noígíallach (Irish pronunciation: [ˈniːəl noɪˈɣiːələx], Old Irish "having nine hostages"), or in English, Niall of the Nine Hostages, was an Irish king, the ancestor of the Uí Néill dynasties that dominated the northern half of Ireland from the 6th to the 10th century. Irish annalistic and chronicle sources place his reign in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, although modern scholars, through critical study of the annals, date him about half a century later.
He is presumed by some to have been a real person, or at the very least semi-historical but most of the information about him that has come down to us is regarded as legendary. His lineage has possibly been traced using genealogical DNA testing. However, the conclusion that Niall is associated with the Y-chromosome SNP M222 has been called into question following further research. Notably, many O'Neills and McShanes (a surname associated with a line of O'Neill cadets) arise from an entirely different lineage.
Niall is presumed, on the basis of the importance of his sons and grandsons, to have been a historical person, but the early Irish annals say little about him. The Annals of Inisfallen date his death before 382, and the Chronicon Scotorum to 411 AD. The later Annals of the Four Masters dates his reign to 379–405 AD, and the chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn to 368–395 AD.
However, the early annals record the activities of his sons between 429 and 516, an implausibly long time-span for a single generation, leading scholars like Kathleen Hughes and Francis J. Byrne pp. 78–79 to conclude that the events of the latter half of the 5th century have been extended backward to accommodate as early a date as possible for the arrival of Saint Patrick, with the effect of pushing Niall back up to half a century.
Hughes says "Niall himself must have died not before the middle of the fifth century". Byrne, following James Carney, is a little more precise, dating his death to c. 452.
A legendary account of Niall's birth and early life is given in the possibly-11th-century tale Echtra mac nEchach Muimedóin ("The adventure of the sons of Eochaid Mugmedón").
In it, Eochaid Mugmedón, the High King of Ireland, has five sons, four, Brión, Ailill, Fiachrae and Fergus, by his first wife Mongfind, sister of the king of Munster, Crimthann mac Fidaig, and a fifth, Niall, by his second wife Cairenn Chasdub, daughter of Sachell Balb, king of the Saxons.
While Cairenn is pregnant with Niall, the jealous Mongfind forces her to do heavy work, hoping to make her miscarry. She gives birth as she is drawing water, but out of fear of Mongfind, she leaves the child on the ground, exposed to the birds. The baby is rescued and brought up by a poet called Torna. When Niall grows up he returns to Tara and rescues his mother from her labour.
Although it is anachronistic for Niall's mother to have been a Saxon, O'Rahilly argues that the name Cairenn is derived from the Latin name Carina, and that it is plausible that she might have been a Romano-Briton. pp. 216–217 Keating describes her not as a Saxon but as the "daughter of the king of Britain".
Mongfind appears to have been a supernatural personage: the saga "The Death of Crimthann mac Fidaig" says the festival of Samhain was commonly called the "Festival of Mongfind", and prayers were offered to her on Samhain eve. To be continued. End of part 1 of 2. Next blog 25/01/19.
Races among humans are artificial, perverse constructs generated by misapplying the taxonomic category subspecies or by arbitrary socio-political construction. The subspecies, as a biological category, was formalized by Carl Linnaeus, the 18th-Century “father” of taxonomy. Linnaeus and contemporary racist theorists popularized human subspeciation using morphology and “demeanour” to divide us into a handful of “races”. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as “white, sanguine, muscular”; Homo sapiens after as “black, phlegmatic, relaxed”.
 |
| Modern-day khoisan |
‘Racialism’ was probably employed by the earliest humans. Post-Linnaean racialism was further misused to identify a multitude of ‘racial’ groupings sharing a common language, religion, culture, class and/or national affiliation. Within the “First People”, the Southern African KhoiSan, the pastoral Khoi (khoi literally means “People”) regarded morphologically similar, hunter-gatherers as “San” (“Others”).
The ‘San’ (perhaps the earliest genetically-definable modern humans), in turn, have no collective name for themselves and are highly diverse linguistically and genetically – self-identifying as more than ten ‘nations’.
Worldwide, over 200 ‘races’ have been recognized. Within Haiti alone, local people employed more than 100 different racial terms. Also in modern-day Nigeria there are over 1200 dilects. In extreme instances, ‘races’ in power used their ‘superiority’ (and inferred threat) to ’justify’ their hyper-oppression and even genocide of the ‘others’.
Regardless of the number of races‘ recognized’, the primary purpose of human ‘taxonomy’ is to denigrate ‘others’. This is unjustifiable: biologically, culturally, educationally or socio-politically. Nature's biology: Since World War II, there has been widespread agreement that human races have no biological basis. Homo sapiens evolved once, in Africa about 200,000 years ago, and cannot be subdivided further. So, pioneer Pan-Africanist Robert Sobukwe hit the racial ‘nail’ on the head in 1959: “There is only one race to which we all belong, and that is the human race”.
Genetics: Humans all share the same set of genes. The DNA of any two human beings is 99.9% identical. In stark contrast, genetically distinct populations of our nearest living relative, the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes – confined to Central Africa and sometimes less than a mile apart – are more genetically distinct than humans that live on different continents.
 |
| Map of Southern Africa |
For example, within KhoiSan-variation exceeds that among populations from throughout much of ‘non-Africa’, and many Brazilian “whites” have more African ancestry than some US “blacks”.
In short, we are all genomic ‘kissing cousins’.
If ‘genomists’ were forced to ‘discover’ geographically distinct groups from randomly-sampled humans, only a handful of African ones would emerge. The rest of non-African humanity would fall within one or other of these groups. In short, non-African modern humans are genetic ‘paleo-refugees’. The major human genomic groups are not Asians/Africans/Europeans/Native-Americans! Studies claiming the opposite (e.g. newsman Nicholas Wade’s A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History) and that societal differences reflect differential evolution in intelligence, impulsivity, manners, xenophobia, etc. are a “mountain of speculation teetering on a few pebbles”.
‘Racial genomists’ confirmed ‘racialization’ because they first separated the studied-humans by geography and ‘race’, avoiding individuals that don’t easily fall into these categories. Afterward, they searched for the few rapidly-evolving, adaptively neutral, bits of “junk DNA” that can discriminate amongst them.
 |
| Modern-day San Bushman |
Genetic Genealogy: This genomic capacity has been exploited by a growing, aggressively-advertised, genetic ‘ancestry’ industry. One can even get a ‘certificate’ indicating your ancestors’ geographical provenance and your geographic (read: racial) genetic makeup.
As far as I can understand, this makes some sense as a probabilistic, forensic scientific statement. But, the accuracy of the ‘diagnosis’ depends inter alia on the markers used and the scale of geographical coverage of the comparative material.
One thing is certain: this ‘genetic astrology’ is not legally actionable evidence of ‘racial’ or genealogical identity. For example, markers derived from one source (e.g. mitochondrial DNA) might place ‘roots’ in one area and suggest a certain ‘racial signature’, and those from Y-chromosomes others. A noteworthy example of human genetic ‘connectedness’ is the finding that millions of Americans may be descendants of the 4th century Irish King, Niall of the Nine Hostages.
During an Oprah Winfrey Show, eminent African-American Harvard historian and ardent ‘genome-genealogist’ Prof. Henry Louis Gates Jr. announced that he and an Irish-American police officer (who arrested him for trying to gain entry to his locked home) are among them!
Also based on this ‘diagnostic capacity’, some 21st-century ‘decolonist’ researchers, e.g. South Africa-based philosopher, Achille Mbembe, seem to advocate the biological rehabilitation of human races. Mbembe maintains that: “ongoing re-articulations of race and recoding of racism are developments in the life sciences, and in particular in genomics” and allow delineation of human races, making them “amenable to optimization by reverse engineering and reconfiguration”. This assertion is based on the above-mentioned blatant misuse of forensic genomics.
 |
| A painting of Caucasian-looking King Niall of the Nine Hostages? |
But, such physical and physiological variations tend to change clinally (geographically gradually), rather than abruptly and are generally inherited independently of one another. Furthermore, the clinal variation in one trait generally does not parallel that of others and those of genetic markers. In short, they are ‘discordant’; rendering any attempt to establish lines of division among human populations both arbitrary and subjective.
 |
| Niall of the Nine Hostages Family Tree |
Niall Noígíallach (Irish pronunciation: [ˈniːəl noɪˈɣiːələx], Old Irish "having nine hostages"), or in English, Niall of the Nine Hostages, was an Irish king, the ancestor of the Uí Néill dynasties that dominated the northern half of Ireland from the 6th to the 10th century. Irish annalistic and chronicle sources place his reign in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, although modern scholars, through critical study of the annals, date him about half a century later.
He is presumed by some to have been a real person, or at the very least semi-historical but most of the information about him that has come down to us is regarded as legendary. His lineage has possibly been traced using genealogical DNA testing. However, the conclusion that Niall is associated with the Y-chromosome SNP M222 has been called into question following further research. Notably, many O'Neills and McShanes (a surname associated with a line of O'Neill cadets) arise from an entirely different lineage.
 |
| The Celtic Gunderstrup Caldroun |
However, the early annals record the activities of his sons between 429 and 516, an implausibly long time-span for a single generation, leading scholars like Kathleen Hughes and Francis J. Byrne pp. 78–79 to conclude that the events of the latter half of the 5th century have been extended backward to accommodate as early a date as possible for the arrival of Saint Patrick, with the effect of pushing Niall back up to half a century.
 |
| St Patrick, patron saint of the Irish |
A legendary account of Niall's birth and early life is given in the possibly-11th-century tale Echtra mac nEchach Muimedóin ("The adventure of the sons of Eochaid Mugmedón").
In it, Eochaid Mugmedón, the High King of Ireland, has five sons, four, Brión, Ailill, Fiachrae and Fergus, by his first wife Mongfind, sister of the king of Munster, Crimthann mac Fidaig, and a fifth, Niall, by his second wife Cairenn Chasdub, daughter of Sachell Balb, king of the Saxons.
While Cairenn is pregnant with Niall, the jealous Mongfind forces her to do heavy work, hoping to make her miscarry. She gives birth as she is drawing water, but out of fear of Mongfind, she leaves the child on the ground, exposed to the birds. The baby is rescued and brought up by a poet called Torna. When Niall grows up he returns to Tara and rescues his mother from her labour.
Although it is anachronistic for Niall's mother to have been a Saxon, O'Rahilly argues that the name Cairenn is derived from the Latin name Carina, and that it is plausible that she might have been a Romano-Briton. pp. 216–217 Keating describes her not as a Saxon but as the "daughter of the king of Britain".
 |
| University of Natural Laws our Discussion Page on Facebook for this blog |
Saturday, 12 January 2019
Catholic, Irish, Ireland, Britain, Black Irish, Williams
FIRST STOP
The first stop for many of the Irish, Catholic and non-Catholic, was Barbados where they worked from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. with a two-hour lunch break, under the command of an overseer. Shirt and drawers were their only clothes and their homes, cabins made of sticks and plantain leaves (Williams, 1932, p. 42).
Following the 1655 British conquest of Jamaica, Irish labourers were largely sent from Barbados as well as Ireland to get the island up and running under British control. Within a decade, when many Irish had served their terms or indenture, their names begin to appear among the lists of Jamaican planters and settlers (Williams, p. 53). Irish Jamaican writer Claude McKay (center), whose work would help spark the Harlem Renaissance, with Bolshevik revolutionaries Grigory Zinoviev (left) and Nikolai Bukharin (right) in 1923. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons).
LAST SHIPMENTS 1800S
It is estimated that somewhere between 30,000 and 80,000 Irish were shipped from Ireland. One of the last shipments was made in 1841 from Limerick aboard the Robert Kerr. The Gleaner noted of these arrivals:
"They landed in Kingston wearing their best clothes and temperance medals," meaning they did not drink alcohol (as quoted in Mullally, 2003, part 2, pg. 1).
The Gleaner also noted of another set of arrivals in 1842: "The Irish are repeatedly intoxicated, drink excessively, are seen emerging from grog shops very dissolute and abandoned and are of very intemperate habits" (as quoted in Mullally, 2003, part 3, p. 2).
So the Irish gained a reputation for being something of a mixed blessing ¬ saints and sinners. However, other European immigrants did not seem to fare as well as the Irish in the tropical climate.
In the mid-1830s, for example, when the government was particularly concerned about replacement labour for the newly-freed slaves on the sugar and coffee plantations, over 1,000 Germans and close to 200 Portuguese from Madeira, the Azores and Portugal notched a high mortality rate.
The idea was to eventually create townships for the European immigrants in the island's highlands where the temperature was cooler and they would work as small farmers, labourers, and artisans on coffee estates and cattle pens. {Comment: Clearly Caucasian Europeans could not withstand working under the "Burning Caribbean Sun".
This proves the lie that "Indentures" in the Caribbean were White}. However, this would take time and in order to maintain pre-abolition levels of production, labour was needed in Jamaica's low-lands where the best land for sugar cultivation was located.
Hence the implementation of bounties for European immigrants and the institution of ships like the Robert Kerr, known as "man-traps" and sub-agents who wandered into quiet Irish towns and attracted people with the promise for free passage, high wages and the hope of bettering their lives.
The immigration of Europeans never filled the abolition labour gap and so by 1840, the government began to look to the Maltese, the free Negroes in the United States and the Asians. In 1842 laws to break up what had been completed of the townships were passed and the idea of highland colonisation was abandoned.
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War.
After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. On 6 February, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II as King of Great Britain in succession to his father but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he accepted Presbyterianism throughout the British Isles.
When negotiations stalled, Charles authorised General Montrose to land in the Orkney Islands with a small army to threaten the Scots with invasion, in the hope of forcing an agreement more to his liking. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway.
He was captured and executed. Charles reluctantly promised that he would abide by the terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda, and support the Solemn League and Covenant, which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain.
Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, Charles II formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters. Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 and several months later, invaded Scotland after the Scots had proclaimed Charles II as king. Cromwell was much less hostile to Scottish Presbyterians, some of whom had been his allies in the First English Civil War than he was to Irish Catholics. He described the Scots as a people "fearing His [God's] name, though deceived".
Note: The sign no Irish, Blacks or Dogs, is a clue in itself. Because it singled out the Irish race out of all the European races in relation to Black people, and the went on to also relate Black people to Dogs.
Why did they not use the sign no Scottish, Blacks or Dogs, or no Spanish, Blacks or Dogs, or even no Portuguese, Blacks or Dogs, or no Albanians, Blacks or Dogs, or no Arab, Blacks or Dogs, no Indians, Blacks or Dogs, etc? Think about all these examples and come up with more, including what you have already learned and you should soon come to a conclusion one way or the other.
He made a famous appeal to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, urging them to see the error of the royal alliance—"I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken." The Scots' reply was robust: "would you have us to be skeptics in our religion?" This decision to negotiate with Charles II led Cromwell to believe that war was necessary.
Cromwell defeated Charles at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands.
An Article from IRISH AMERICAN COM, By Ray Cavanaugh, Contributor June / July 2018. Please Note that this article is half-truth and half-false. Excerpt from IRISH AMERICAN COM'S Article: That Irish is Jamaica’s second-most predominant ethnicity may come as a surprise, especially to those outside the country. It all started in 1655 when the British failed in their efforts to claim Santo Domingo from the Spaniards and took Jamaica as a consolation prize. Of course, the British also had been quite active in Ireland, where, between 1641 and 1652, about half the population had been wiped out. War, famine, and plague played roles in this decline. Another lesser-known factor was slavery.
As part of his “Western Design,” Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell was expanding his ventures in the Caribbean; as part of his “Settlement in Ireland,” he was tyrannizing many of the natives. To enslave Irish natives and transport them to the West Indies was a fine way to unite both agendas.
Another dynamic was that few if any, Englishwomen were willing to emigrate to the West Indies, so slave catchers and plantation owners began indulging a sweet tooth for the Irish colleen.
Elliott O’Donnell’s 1915 book The Irish Abroad paints a rather vivid scene: “Gangs of [Cromwell’s] soldiers invaded Connaught, and pouncing on all the women and girls they could find, drove them in gangs to Cork.” At Cork, the slave catchers began to assess their plunder, among other activities.
WARNING BULLSHIT ALERT: In relation to "White Slaves or White Servitude" without mentioning the Black Irish indentures and slaves.
A 1969 Ebony magazine article, “White Servitude in America” by African American scholar Lerone Bennett, Jr., mentions various colonial undertakings involving white cargo, including a special 1655 project to bring “some 1,000 young Irish girls to Jamaica for breeding purposes.” Though Bennett says it’s unknown what ultimately became of this particular plan, his article talks about a colonial tradition that “in some cases” saw “whites, blacks, and reds [indigenous Americans]” being “sold from the same stand.”
John Patrick Prendergast’s 1868 work The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland tells of a 1654 order (concerning the Governors of Carlow, Clonmel, Kilkenny, Ross, Waterford, and Wexford) requiring that “all wanderers, men and women, and such other Irish” who were lacking a “settled course of industry” be “transported to the West Indies.” Also ordered for transport were “all prisoners” and “such children as were in hospitals or workhouses.”
James Curtis Ballagh’s 1895 work White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia says: “Oliver Cromwell in preparing for his settlement of Ireland did not hesitate to transport large numbers of the dispossessed Irish as slaves to the West Indies.” Into “such shameful slavery” thousands of Irish women were dispatched, relates Justin H. McCarthy’s 1883 book An Outline of Irish History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.
Of course, a need for hard labour on the Caribbean plantations ensured that Irish men were claimed as well.
Sir Alexander Bustamante (1884-1977), Jamaica’s first president. Bustamante’s father was born in Ireland. Date unknown. (Photo: National Library of Jamaica Photograph Collection / Wikimedia Commons).
The first stop for many of the Irish, Catholic and non-Catholic, was Barbados where they worked from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. with a two-hour lunch break, under the command of an overseer. Shirt and drawers were their only clothes and their homes, cabins made of sticks and plantain leaves (Williams, 1932, p. 42).
 |
| CGrigory Zinoviev (left), Claude McKay (Centre), Nikolai Bukharin (right) 1923 |
 |
| Book "Whence The Black Irish of Jamaica 1932 |
LAST SHIPMENTS 1800S
It is estimated that somewhere between 30,000 and 80,000 Irish were shipped from Ireland. One of the last shipments was made in 1841 from Limerick aboard the Robert Kerr. The Gleaner noted of these arrivals:
"They landed in Kingston wearing their best clothes and temperance medals," meaning they did not drink alcohol (as quoted in Mullally, 2003, part 2, pg. 1).
The Gleaner also noted of another set of arrivals in 1842: "The Irish are repeatedly intoxicated, drink excessively, are seen emerging from grog shops very dissolute and abandoned and are of very intemperate habits" (as quoted in Mullally, 2003, part 3, p. 2).
So the Irish gained a reputation for being something of a mixed blessing ¬ saints and sinners. However, other European immigrants did not seem to fare as well as the Irish in the tropical climate.
In the mid-1830s, for example, when the government was particularly concerned about replacement labour for the newly-freed slaves on the sugar and coffee plantations, over 1,000 Germans and close to 200 Portuguese from Madeira, the Azores and Portugal notched a high mortality rate.
 |
| Typical Black Irish Jamaican |
The idea was to eventually create townships for the European immigrants in the island's highlands where the temperature was cooler and they would work as small farmers, labourers, and artisans on coffee estates and cattle pens. {Comment: Clearly Caucasian Europeans could not withstand working under the "Burning Caribbean Sun".
This proves the lie that "Indentures" in the Caribbean were White}. However, this would take time and in order to maintain pre-abolition levels of production, labour was needed in Jamaica's low-lands where the best land for sugar cultivation was located.
Hence the implementation of bounties for European immigrants and the institution of ships like the Robert Kerr, known as "man-traps" and sub-agents who wandered into quiet Irish towns and attracted people with the promise for free passage, high wages and the hope of bettering their lives.
The immigration of Europeans never filled the abolition labour gap and so by 1840, the government began to look to the Maltese, the free Negroes in the United States and the Asians. In 1842 laws to break up what had been completed of the townships were passed and the idea of highland colonisation was abandoned.
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War.
 |
| Scientific Racism in Action via "The Anglicization of the Irish people" |
When negotiations stalled, Charles authorised General Montrose to land in the Orkney Islands with a small army to threaten the Scots with invasion, in the hope of forcing an agreement more to his liking. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway.
 |
| This Sign is Full of Clues |
He was captured and executed. Charles reluctantly promised that he would abide by the terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda, and support the Solemn League and Covenant, which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain.
Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, Charles II formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters. Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 and several months later, invaded Scotland after the Scots had proclaimed Charles II as king. Cromwell was much less hostile to Scottish Presbyterians, some of whom had been his allies in the First English Civil War than he was to Irish Catholics. He described the Scots as a people "fearing His [God's] name, though deceived".
Note: The sign no Irish, Blacks or Dogs, is a clue in itself. Because it singled out the Irish race out of all the European races in relation to Black people, and the went on to also relate Black people to Dogs.
 |
| King Charles II, AKA The Black Boy, Debunked |
Why did they not use the sign no Scottish, Blacks or Dogs, or no Spanish, Blacks or Dogs, or even no Portuguese, Blacks or Dogs, or no Albanians, Blacks or Dogs, or no Arab, Blacks or Dogs, no Indians, Blacks or Dogs, etc? Think about all these examples and come up with more, including what you have already learned and you should soon come to a conclusion one way or the other.
He made a famous appeal to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, urging them to see the error of the royal alliance—"I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken." The Scots' reply was robust: "would you have us to be skeptics in our religion?" This decision to negotiate with Charles II led Cromwell to believe that war was necessary.
Cromwell defeated Charles at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands.
An Article from IRISH AMERICAN COM, By Ray Cavanaugh, Contributor June / July 2018. Please Note that this article is half-truth and half-false. Excerpt from IRISH AMERICAN COM'S Article: That Irish is Jamaica’s second-most predominant ethnicity may come as a surprise, especially to those outside the country. It all started in 1655 when the British failed in their efforts to claim Santo Domingo from the Spaniards and took Jamaica as a consolation prize. Of course, the British also had been quite active in Ireland, where, between 1641 and 1652, about half the population had been wiped out. War, famine, and plague played roles in this decline. Another lesser-known factor was slavery.
As part of his “Western Design,” Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell was expanding his ventures in the Caribbean; as part of his “Settlement in Ireland,” he was tyrannizing many of the natives. To enslave Irish natives and transport them to the West Indies was a fine way to unite both agendas.
 |
| Mixed Race Or (MULATTOES) ALL of the IRISH DESCENDANT |
Elliott O’Donnell’s 1915 book The Irish Abroad paints a rather vivid scene: “Gangs of [Cromwell’s] soldiers invaded Connaught, and pouncing on all the women and girls they could find, drove them in gangs to Cork.” At Cork, the slave catchers began to assess their plunder, among other activities.
WARNING BULLSHIT ALERT: In relation to "White Slaves or White Servitude" without mentioning the Black Irish indentures and slaves.
A 1969 Ebony magazine article, “White Servitude in America” by African American scholar Lerone Bennett, Jr., mentions various colonial undertakings involving white cargo, including a special 1655 project to bring “some 1,000 young Irish girls to Jamaica for breeding purposes.” Though Bennett says it’s unknown what ultimately became of this particular plan, his article talks about a colonial tradition that “in some cases” saw “whites, blacks, and reds [indigenous Americans]” being “sold from the same stand.”
John Patrick Prendergast’s 1868 work The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland tells of a 1654 order (concerning the Governors of Carlow, Clonmel, Kilkenny, Ross, Waterford, and Wexford) requiring that “all wanderers, men and women, and such other Irish” who were lacking a “settled course of industry” be “transported to the West Indies.” Also ordered for transport were “all prisoners” and “such children as were in hospitals or workhouses.”
 |
| Bustamante and John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office, 1962. (Photo: Robert Knudsen. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston) |
Of course, a need for hard labour on the Caribbean plantations ensured that Irish men were claimed as well.
 |
| Black people different types of Features |
Sir Alexander Bustamante (1884-1977), Jamaica’s first president. Bustamante’s father was born in Ireland. Date unknown. (Photo: National Library of Jamaica Photograph Collection / Wikimedia Commons).
Writing in the 1660s, a Rev. John Lynch, author of Cambrensis Eversus, describes the Caribbean-bound Irish: “many droves of old men and youths [and] a vast multitude of virgins and matrons […] the former might pass their lives in hard slavery, and the latter maintain themselves even by their own prostitution.” Lynch added: “Many priests are sent away to the islands of the Indies that they might be sold by auction.”
Delivering his Sixth Donnellan Lecture in 1901, Anglican minister G. Robert Wynne remarked: “The victories of Cromwell in the English and Irish wars of the Long Parliament furnished thousands of white slaves to till the fertile Jamaican valleys.” These Irish were accustomed to hard work, but they were totally unacquainted with the hot Caribbean climate. Though their bondage was often a death sentence, enough of the Irish survived that by 1670 they already accounted for a significant part of Jamaica’s population. Thousands of Irish slaves were steered to Barbados.
However, Jamaica, being 25 times larger, was soon proving the more lucrative venue. In fact, quite a few owners of Barbadian plantations relocated their operations to Jamaica. And Joseph J. Williams in his 1932 book Whence the “Black Irish” of Jamaica? relates that the early Jamaican Irish in large part came from Barbados.
Catholicism was ardently suppressed in Jamaica, so the Catholic religion largely faded away within a few generations. However, other signs of the Irish were beginning to take hold. Among these signs was the prominence of Irish surnames. Even today in Jamaica, one can locate a Burke, Collins, Kennedy, Mackey, McCormack, McDermott, McKeon, O’Hare, or Walsh, along with many others.
Aside from surnames, Ireland also has taken root among place names in Jamaica. For example, there is an “Irish Pen” in a section of the country known as St. Catherine Parish, as well as “Dublin Castle” and “Irish Town” in St. Andrew Parish. Additionally, there are roads given such names as Leitrim and Longford.
Some of the most eminent Jamaicans have been of Irish extraction. Among these are Alexander Bustamante, Jamaica’s first prime minister upon achieving its independence in 1962 and whose father, Robert Constantine Clarke, was an Irishman, and Claude McKay, the native Jamaican writer who later would migrate to New York City and help spark the Harlem Renaissance.
Writing for the Irish cultural website The Wild Geese, Rob Mullally highlights similarities between Ireland and Jamaica: both are relatively small island nations that shared the same master for over a quarter-millennium, won their independence in the 20th century, and yet continued to see large amounts of emigration. End of part 7 of 7. Next blog 18/01/19.
Facebook Page: University of Natural Lore (Laws)
Our aim is to counter the Narratives being asserted by White supremacist and their sympathisers, including Schools, Colleges, Universities, Teachers, Lecturers, Professors, Authors, Main-stream-Media or Social Media in relation to the historicity of people of colours in Europe and elsewhere, based on a half-truth.
Delivering his Sixth Donnellan Lecture in 1901, Anglican minister G. Robert Wynne remarked: “The victories of Cromwell in the English and Irish wars of the Long Parliament furnished thousands of white slaves to till the fertile Jamaican valleys.” These Irish were accustomed to hard work, but they were totally unacquainted with the hot Caribbean climate. Though their bondage was often a death sentence, enough of the Irish survived that by 1670 they already accounted for a significant part of Jamaica’s population. Thousands of Irish slaves were steered to Barbados.
 |
| Mordern-day Irish Family incorporating Mixed Race Children and a Couple, living in Ireland, Irish Mother and African Dad |
Catholicism was ardently suppressed in Jamaica, so the Catholic religion largely faded away within a few generations. However, other signs of the Irish were beginning to take hold. Among these signs was the prominence of Irish surnames. Even today in Jamaica, one can locate a Burke, Collins, Kennedy, Mackey, McCormack, McDermott, McKeon, O’Hare, or Walsh, along with many others.
Aside from surnames, Ireland also has taken root among place names in Jamaica. For example, there is an “Irish Pen” in a section of the country known as St. Catherine Parish, as well as “Dublin Castle” and “Irish Town” in St. Andrew Parish. Additionally, there are roads given such names as Leitrim and Longford.
 |
| Are these Black Scottish or Irish, Indentures or Slaves? Misrepresentation again? |
Writing for the Irish cultural website The Wild Geese, Rob Mullally highlights similarities between Ireland and Jamaica: both are relatively small island nations that shared the same master for over a quarter-millennium, won their independence in the 20th century, and yet continued to see large amounts of emigration. End of part 7 of 7. Next blog 18/01/19.
Facebook Page: University of Natural Lore (Laws)
Our aim is to counter the Narratives being asserted by White supremacist and their sympathisers, including Schools, Colleges, Universities, Teachers, Lecturers, Professors, Authors, Main-stream-Media or Social Media in relation to the historicity of people of colours in Europe and elsewhere, based on a half-truth.
Tuesday, 8 January 2019
Black Irish, Oliver Cromwell, English Civil Wars, Scotland, Ireland
Oliver Cromwell
For the most part, accounts summarise the two sides that fought the English Civil Wars as the Royalist Cavaliers of Charles I of England versus the Parliamentarian Round-heads of Oliver Cromwell.
However, as with many civil wars, loyalties shifted for various reasons, and both sides changed significantly during the conflicts.
In part 5 of these articles: we recap on the previous articles via summaries and introduced Dr Samuel Johnson, and His Eyewitness Account, pertaining to the Status and Ethnicity of the People living in the Hebrides, Northern Scotland, UK.
Including direct quotations from the book,"The Journal of a tour to the Hebrides, with Samuel Johnson", around 1773 AD, describing the Status and Ethnicity of the People living in the Hebrides, Northern Scotland, UK, around that time. Followed by Warning you not to read or buy any of any edition of the book that has been published after 1810 AD, due to all the references to the word "Black or Blacks" being deleted. WHY? To cover their tracks because of to much falsifications. If you tell to many lies, then you need 10 x more to cover each lie and sooner or later one will soon be entangled in one's webs of lies.
We have been able to authentically established the status and ethnicity of the people living in Northern Scotland around 16 and 1700 AD. Now we are about to introduce you to the historicity of indentured Black Scots and Irish to America and the Caribbean. Including displaying Negroid looking Images for 3 more Stuart Descendants.
Note: Oliver Cromwell was not directly descended from Thomas Cromwell himself but from Thomas's sister, Katherine, who had married Oliver's great-great-grandfather Morgan Williams, after which the family began adopting the Cromwell surname. Judging from his portraits, Oliver may well have been a Mulatto, yet he was responsible for the Genocide of Blacks in Ireland and Scotland.
As a reminder of what Cromwell did! From the book: White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America by Colin G. Calloway.
Living at the borders of an expanding English empire, Highlanders and Indians confronted colonialism with all its variegated assaults on their autonomy, land, and culture. Calloway, the son of a Highland Scot and a renowned scholar of Native American history, is well poised to explore the tangled histories of these two groups.
Page 26: The Macleods of Dunvegan suffered huge casualties when Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scots at Worcester, and Cromwell transported hundreds of Scots prisoners as indentured servants to Virginia and the West Indies.
Cromwell invaded Scotland in 1650 and 1651 and built a fort at Inverness “to preserve the peace of the country, and keep the highlands in awe, which they effectually did all his time,” wrote Daniel Defoe, who toured the region in the 1720s.
Christina Snyder review, Quote: Calloway borrows his title from Georgia's founder James Oglethorpe, who raised a motley army of "White people, Indians, and highlanders" to fight against Spanish Floridians. In Oglethorpe's time, many Britons categorised Highland Scots and Indians as savage non-whites, pointing out that both held land communally, used kinship to structure their societies, and maintained warrior traditions. Highlanders and Indians, Calloway argues, did have much in common, but he emphasises their parallel and sometimes convergent historical experiences rather than their seemingly similar cultures.
Above: The Negro Head in the family crests of Bownell, Buckworth, Haliburton, Hallyburton, Soame and Stewart, Fairbairn Book of Crests - plate 121. It has been removed or deleted from the later editions of the book. It seems to be a familiar pattern not a coincident. But WHY? the evidence is overwhelming.
Ireland History
During most of this time, the Irish Confederate Wars (another civil war), continued in Ireland, starting with the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and ending with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
Its incidents had little or no direct connection with those of the English Civil War, but the wars were inextricably mixed with, and formed part of, a linked series of conflicts and civil wars between 1639 and 1652 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which at that time shared a monarch, but were distinct countries in political organisation.
These linked conflicts are also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by some recent historians, aiming to have a unified overview, rather than treating parts of the other conflicts as a background to the English Civil War.
1625 - Charles I of England accedes to the English throne, and shortly after marries a French, Bourbon, Roman Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria. 1628 - Charles recalls Parliament; Parliament draws up Petition of Right which Charles reluctantly accepts. John Felton murders George Villiers in Portsmouth. 1642 - 23 February - Henrietta Maria goes to the Netherlands with Princess Mary and the crown jewels. 1649 - 9 March - Engager Duke of Hamilton, Royalist Earl of Holland, and Royalist Lord Capel were beheaded at Westminster
Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable, but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates. In England, a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war-related disease during the three civil wars. Historical records count 84,830 dead from the wars themselves.
Counting in accidents and the two Bishops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved.
Figures for Scotland are more unreliable and should be treated with greater caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home.
There are no figures to calculate how many died from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved. (8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England, Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured labourers).
Figures for Ireland are described as "miracles of conjecture". Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was unbelievable, with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty, the father of English demography. Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as being tentative.
They do not include the estimate of 40,000 driven into exile, some of whom served as soldiers in European continental armies, while others were sold as indentured servants to New England and the West Indies.
Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered, but many of those sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death. Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants were killed through plague, war and famine, and that 504,000 Catholics were killed, giving an estimated total of 618,000 dead.
These estimates indicate that England suffered a 3.7% loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6%, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41% of its population. Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular. The Great Hunger of 1845–1852 resulted in a loss of 16% of the population, while during the Second World War the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16%. Above; the family crescent of another famous Black Clan in Scotland, UK, called Douglas.
The Black man on the right has disappeared from the modern crests. He would have been referred to as a wild Indian savage at that time. And below; one of the many modern family crest of the Douglas family. Note: Both the Black man and White man standing proudly by his side has vanished again.
The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the Commonwealth of England after the English Civil War. It began with the overthrow, and execution, of Charles I in January 1649, and ended with the restoration of Charles II on May 29, 1660.
Whence the (‘Black Irish” of Jamaica? JOSEPH J. WILLIAMS, S.J., Ph.D., Litt. D., F.R.S.A., F.R.G.S., F.A.G.S. ($2.00, New York: Dial Press, 1932.)
Five years residence in Jamaica impressed Father Williams with the fact that the Jamaica Negroes were unlike all other Negro types that he had seen. Particularly among those of Gold Coast origin he found claims and remnants of Judaism. His resultant studies led to his Hebrewisms of West Africa (1930). But another outstanding fact was the large number of Negroes with pure Irish names.
These negroes could not be explained as descendants of slaves owned by early Irish colonists, for no such names appear among the land-owners in the survey of 1670.
So Father Williams turns to English records of the crushing of the Irish, by Cromwell, with consequent deportations of large numbers of Irish as bondmen or bond-maids to the West Indies-especially Barbados, where such names as Cavan, Collins, Connolly, Donovan, Duffey, Dunn, Grogan, Kelly, McCann, McSwiney, McDermott, Moriarity, O’Brien, O’Neal, O’Halloran, Walsh, abound in the old cemeteries.
Father Williams gives pictures of Jamaica negro children named Collins, Walsh, McKeon, McDermott, Burke, Mackey, McCormack, Kennedy. His bibliography on the deportations and barbarities includes 175 sources. Beyond this his 100-page monograph does not go.
Excerpts:
JAMAICA - ARRIVAL 1600S: The Irish arrived in Jamaica over 350 years ago in the mid-1600s at the time of British Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell's capture of Jamaica. When British Admirals Penn and Venables failed in their expedition to take Santo Domingo from the Spanish, they turned their attention to Jamaica, not wanting to return to Cromwell empty-handed.
With reinforcements from British-held Barbados (many of whom were Irish) they made quick work of dispatching the weak Spanish defence and soon realized that they needed workers to support their new prize. They looked eastward to islands already under British control, Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Montserrat, and imported young, mainly male, bonded servants, many of whom were Irish.
In 1641 Ireland's population stood close to 1.5 million. Following a 1648 battle in Ireland known as the "Siege of Drogheda" in which Irish rebels were brutally subdued, Oliver's son, Henry, was named Major General in command of English forces in Ireland.
Under his jurisdiction, thousands of Irish men and women were shipped to the West Indies to provide a source of indentured labour. Between 1648 and 1655, over 12,000 political prisoners alone were sent to Barbados. This was the first set to come involuntarily as prior to that the Irish had willingly chosen to subject themselves to terms of indenture for the chance to start a new life in the New World upon completion of their contracts.
By 1652, Ireland's population had dwindled to a little over half a million famine, rebellion and forced deportation, all factors.Throughout the early years of the 1650s there was a push to send young men and women to the colonies in what the English believed was a "measure beneficial to the people removed, who might thus be made English and Christians.
And a great benefit to the West India sugar planters, who desired the men and boys for their bondsmen, and the women and Irish girls in a country where they had only Maroon women and Negresses to solace them" (Williams, 1932, pp. 10-11). The 13-year war from 1641-1654 had left behind large numbers of widows and deserted wives.
In addition, many Irish men, their properties confiscated by Cromwell had no means of making a living. By 1655 some 6,400 Irish had been shipped off when in March all orders to capture "all wanderers, men and women and other such Irish in their possession" were revoked (Williams, pp. 12-13). Modern-day Estonian Negroid, White skin, Blond hair, could some of the many of the Black Irish and Scots looked like this male or female?
End of part 6 of 7. The next blog 14/01/19: First arrival of the indentured Black Irish and Scots in the Caribbean and America., especially Jamaica and Barbados.
 |
| Oliver Cromwell |
However, as with many civil wars, loyalties shifted for various reasons, and both sides changed significantly during the conflicts.
In part 5 of these articles: we recap on the previous articles via summaries and introduced Dr Samuel Johnson, and His Eyewitness Account, pertaining to the Status and Ethnicity of the People living in the Hebrides, Northern Scotland, UK.
Including direct quotations from the book,"The Journal of a tour to the Hebrides, with Samuel Johnson", around 1773 AD, describing the Status and Ethnicity of the People living in the Hebrides, Northern Scotland, UK, around that time. Followed by Warning you not to read or buy any of any edition of the book that has been published after 1810 AD, due to all the references to the word "Black or Blacks" being deleted. WHY? To cover their tracks because of to much falsifications. If you tell to many lies, then you need 10 x more to cover each lie and sooner or later one will soon be entangled in one's webs of lies.
We have been able to authentically established the status and ethnicity of the people living in Northern Scotland around 16 and 1700 AD. Now we are about to introduce you to the historicity of indentured Black Scots and Irish to America and the Caribbean. Including displaying Negroid looking Images for 3 more Stuart Descendants.
 |
| A Mulatto looking (Mixed Race), John Stewart, Seventh Earl of Galloway |
As a reminder of what Cromwell did! From the book: White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America by Colin G. Calloway.
Page 26: The Macleods of Dunvegan suffered huge casualties when Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scots at Worcester, and Cromwell transported hundreds of Scots prisoners as indentured servants to Virginia and the West Indies.
Cromwell invaded Scotland in 1650 and 1651 and built a fort at Inverness “to preserve the peace of the country, and keep the highlands in awe, which they effectually did all his time,” wrote Daniel Defoe, who toured the region in the 1720s.
Christina Snyder review, Quote: Calloway borrows his title from Georgia's founder James Oglethorpe, who raised a motley army of "White people, Indians, and highlanders" to fight against Spanish Floridians. In Oglethorpe's time, many Britons categorised Highland Scots and Indians as savage non-whites, pointing out that both held land communally, used kinship to structure their societies, and maintained warrior traditions. Highlanders and Indians, Calloway argues, did have much in common, but he emphasises their parallel and sometimes convergent historical experiences rather than their seemingly similar cultures.
Above: The Negro Head in the family crests of Bownell, Buckworth, Haliburton, Hallyburton, Soame and Stewart, Fairbairn Book of Crests - plate 121. It has been removed or deleted from the later editions of the book. It seems to be a familiar pattern not a coincident. But WHY? the evidence is overwhelming.
 |
| Henrietta Anne Stuart, daughter of Henrietta Maria & Charles I |
Ireland History
During most of this time, the Irish Confederate Wars (another civil war), continued in Ireland, starting with the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and ending with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
Its incidents had little or no direct connection with those of the English Civil War, but the wars were inextricably mixed with, and formed part of, a linked series of conflicts and civil wars between 1639 and 1652 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which at that time shared a monarch, but were distinct countries in political organisation.
These linked conflicts are also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by some recent historians, aiming to have a unified overview, rather than treating parts of the other conflicts as a background to the English Civil War.
1625 - Charles I of England accedes to the English throne, and shortly after marries a French, Bourbon, Roman Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria. 1628 - Charles recalls Parliament; Parliament draws up Petition of Right which Charles reluctantly accepts. John Felton murders George Villiers in Portsmouth. 1642 - 23 February - Henrietta Maria goes to the Netherlands with Princess Mary and the crown jewels. 1649 - 9 March - Engager Duke of Hamilton, Royalist Earl of Holland, and Royalist Lord Capel were beheaded at Westminster
 |
| Royal Stuart, Family Crest |
Counting in accidents and the two Bishops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved.
Figures for Scotland are more unreliable and should be treated with greater caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home.
There are no figures to calculate how many died from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved. (8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England, Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured labourers).
Figures for Ireland are described as "miracles of conjecture". Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was unbelievable, with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty, the father of English demography. Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as being tentative.
 |
| Family Crest of the Douglas family, Scotland, UK |
Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered, but many of those sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death. Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants were killed through plague, war and famine, and that 504,000 Catholics were killed, giving an estimated total of 618,000 dead.
These estimates indicate that England suffered a 3.7% loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6%, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41% of its population. Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular. The Great Hunger of 1845–1852 resulted in a loss of 16% of the population, while during the Second World War the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16%. Above; the family crescent of another famous Black Clan in Scotland, UK, called Douglas.
The Black man on the right has disappeared from the modern crests. He would have been referred to as a wild Indian savage at that time. And below; one of the many modern family crest of the Douglas family. Note: Both the Black man and White man standing proudly by his side has vanished again.
 |
| One of the many modern family crest of the Douglas family |
The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the Commonwealth of England after the English Civil War. It began with the overthrow, and execution, of Charles I in January 1649, and ended with the restoration of Charles II on May 29, 1660.
Whence the (‘Black Irish” of Jamaica? JOSEPH J. WILLIAMS, S.J., Ph.D., Litt. D., F.R.S.A., F.R.G.S., F.A.G.S. ($2.00, New York: Dial Press, 1932.)
Five years residence in Jamaica impressed Father Williams with the fact that the Jamaica Negroes were unlike all other Negro types that he had seen. Particularly among those of Gold Coast origin he found claims and remnants of Judaism. His resultant studies led to his Hebrewisms of West Africa (1930). But another outstanding fact was the large number of Negroes with pure Irish names.
These negroes could not be explained as descendants of slaves owned by early Irish colonists, for no such names appear among the land-owners in the survey of 1670.
 |
| John Stewart Earl of Traquir |
So Father Williams turns to English records of the crushing of the Irish, by Cromwell, with consequent deportations of large numbers of Irish as bondmen or bond-maids to the West Indies-especially Barbados, where such names as Cavan, Collins, Connolly, Donovan, Duffey, Dunn, Grogan, Kelly, McCann, McSwiney, McDermott, Moriarity, O’Brien, O’Neal, O’Halloran, Walsh, abound in the old cemeteries.
Father Williams gives pictures of Jamaica negro children named Collins, Walsh, McKeon, McDermott, Burke, Mackey, McCormack, Kennedy. His bibliography on the deportations and barbarities includes 175 sources. Beyond this his 100-page monograph does not go.
Excerpts:
JAMAICA - ARRIVAL 1600S: The Irish arrived in Jamaica over 350 years ago in the mid-1600s at the time of British Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell's capture of Jamaica. When British Admirals Penn and Venables failed in their expedition to take Santo Domingo from the Spanish, they turned their attention to Jamaica, not wanting to return to Cromwell empty-handed.
With reinforcements from British-held Barbados (many of whom were Irish) they made quick work of dispatching the weak Spanish defence and soon realized that they needed workers to support their new prize. They looked eastward to islands already under British control, Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Montserrat, and imported young, mainly male, bonded servants, many of whom were Irish.
In 1641 Ireland's population stood close to 1.5 million. Following a 1648 battle in Ireland known as the "Siege of Drogheda" in which Irish rebels were brutally subdued, Oliver's son, Henry, was named Major General in command of English forces in Ireland.
 |
| Estonian Negroid, White skin Blond hair |
Under his jurisdiction, thousands of Irish men and women were shipped to the West Indies to provide a source of indentured labour. Between 1648 and 1655, over 12,000 political prisoners alone were sent to Barbados. This was the first set to come involuntarily as prior to that the Irish had willingly chosen to subject themselves to terms of indenture for the chance to start a new life in the New World upon completion of their contracts.
By 1652, Ireland's population had dwindled to a little over half a million famine, rebellion and forced deportation, all factors.Throughout the early years of the 1650s there was a push to send young men and women to the colonies in what the English believed was a "measure beneficial to the people removed, who might thus be made English and Christians.
And a great benefit to the West India sugar planters, who desired the men and boys for their bondsmen, and the women and Irish girls in a country where they had only Maroon women and Negresses to solace them" (Williams, 1932, pp. 10-11). The 13-year war from 1641-1654 had left behind large numbers of widows and deserted wives.
In addition, many Irish men, their properties confiscated by Cromwell had no means of making a living. By 1655 some 6,400 Irish had been shipped off when in March all orders to capture "all wanderers, men and women and other such Irish in their possession" were revoked (Williams, pp. 12-13). Modern-day Estonian Negroid, White skin, Blond hair, could some of the many of the Black Irish and Scots looked like this male or female?
End of part 6 of 7. The next blog 14/01/19: First arrival of the indentured Black Irish and Scots in the Caribbean and America., especially Jamaica and Barbados.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)