Thirteenth Egyptian Dynasty 1773 - 1650 BCE

The thirteenth dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XIII) is often combined with Dynasties XI, XII and XIV under the group title Middle Kingdom. Other writers separate it from these dynasties and join it to Dynasties XIV through XVII as part of the Second Intermediate Period. Dynasty XIII was from approximately 1773 BC to sometime after 1650 BC. The outlines of the traditional account of the "invasion" of the land by the Hyksos is preserved in the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, an Egyptian priest who wrote in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Manetho recorded that it was during the reign of "Tutimaios" (who has been identified with Dedumose I of the Thirteenth Dynasty) that the Hyksos overran Egypt, led by Salitis, the founder of the fifteenth dynasty. 

This dynasty was succeeded by a group of Hyksos princes and chieftains, who ruled in the eastern delta region with their local Egyptian vassals and are known primarily by scarabs inscribed with their names and the period of their reign is called the sixteenth dynasty by modern Egyptologists.
XIII Egyptian Dynasty 1773 - 1650 BCE
Wegaf/Sobekhotep I/Sekhemre-Khutawy?
Amenemhet V/Sekhemre-Khutowi/Sekhemkare
Ameny-Qemau (Son of Ameny?)
Qemau/Siharnedjheritef/Hotephibre

Hor/Auibre

Amenemhet VI/Sankhibre
Nebnuni/Semenkare
Hornedjhiryotef - sa-Qemau
Sobekhotep II/
Renseneb
Hor/Auibre
Amenemhet VII/Sedjefakare
Wegaf/Khutawyre
Khendja/Userkare/Nikanimaetre
Intef/Sehetepkare
Sobekhotep III/Sekhemre/Sewadjtawy
Neferhotep I/Khasekhemre
Sobekhotep IV/Khaneferre
Sobekhotep V/Merhotepre
Sobekhotep VI/Khahotepre
Laib/Ibiaw/Wahibre
Ay/Merneferre
Ini I/Merhotepre
Sewadjtu/Sankhenre
Dedumose I

Sobekhotep II was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He is known from several monuments, including a statue, several Nile level records in Nubia and from building works at Medamud and Luxor. The Nile level records provide a year date 'four', showing that he reigned at least three years.
The Papyrus Boulaq 18 found in the tomb of the scribe of the great enclosure Neferhotep, is an administrative document of the Theban palace which dates to Sobekhotep II and names the 'king's wife' Aya, the vizier Ankhu and other officials.

Amenemhat V Sekhemkare was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears as 'Sekhemkare' in the Turin King List. Contemporary monuments of this king are several Nile level records and a statue found at Elephantine. He reigned for a minimum of 3 years according to the Turin Kinglist.

Ameny Qemau was an Ancient Egyptian king of the early Thirteenth Dynasty, probably the same person as Sehotepibre, who is known from the Turin King List. His position within the succession is uncertain. The Pyramid of Ameny Qemau, one of the pyramids in southern Dahshur has been identified as being constructed for him. 

Neferhotep I/Khasekhemre

HotepibRe (or Siharnedjheritef) was an Ancient Egyptian King of the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt (Second Intermediate Period). Siharnedjheritef was likely the son of Ameny Qemau and the grandson of King Amenemhet V. He was possibly succeeded by a king named Jewefni who may have been a brother. After a short reign the throne went to another grandson of Amenemhet V named Amenemhet VI. For this king we have a statue dedicated to Ptah. The statue was found in Khatana, but the original location is not known. A Temple-block from el-Atawna is now in the Cairo Museum (Temp 25.4.22.3).

Amenemhet (VI) (with the additional names Ameny Antef) is listed as seventh king of the Thirteenth Dynasty according to the Turin Canon. Semenkare (birth name: Nebnun) was an Egyptian king (throne name: Semenkare) of the 13th Dynasty. "Semenkare" means "the one who establishes the Ka of Re". He appears in the Turin King List. He is only known from one contemporary object: a stela found at Gebel Zeit. He reigned most likely only for a very short time.

Sobekhotep (Amenemhat), throne name: Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep II was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He is known from several monuments, including a statue, several Nile level records in Nubia and from building works at Medamud and Luxor. The Nile level records provide a year date 'four', showing that he reigned at least three years. The Papyrus Boulaq 18 found in the tomb of the scribe of the great enclosure Neferhotep, is an administrative document of the Theban palace which dates to Sobekhotep II and names the 'king's wife' Aya, the vizier Ankhu and other officials.

Renseneb or Ranisonb was an Egyptian king (throne name: so far unknown) of the 13th Dynasty. He appears in the Turin King List (Columne 7, line 16) with a reign of four months. He is only known from one contemporary object, a bead which shows that he had a double name: Renseneb Amenemhat. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt reads the double name as a filiation, 'Renseneb son of Amenemhat'. However, other researchers do not follow him in this interpretation.

Sobekhotep IV/Khaneferre

Hor was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears in the Turin King List as Au-ib-Re. He most likely reigned only for a short time, not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was in this dynasty still the common burial place for kings. Hor is mainly known from his burial in a shaft tomb found at Dahshur next to the pyramid of king Amenemhat III. The tomb was found essentially intact and still contained the partly gilded wooden coffin of the king, a naos with a statue, some jewelry, the canopic box with canopic vessels, two inscribed stelae and several other objects.

Amenemhat Kay, throne name: Sedjefakare, Sedjefakare Amenemhat was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty, known from the Turin King List, and several other objects, including six cylinder seals, one bark stand from Madamud and two scarab seals. His name appears as graffito in the tomb of queen Khuit at Saqqara. Ryholt assigns him without further evidence a reign of 6-7 years.

Khutawyre Wegaf (or Ugaf) was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty who is known from several sources, including a stelae and statues. There is a general known from a scarab with the same name (Wegaf) who is perhaps identical with this king,

Khendjer was an Egyptian king (throne name: Userkare) of the 13th Dynasty. The name Khendjer is poorly attested in Egyptian. Khendjer was, therefore, the earliest known Semitic king of a native Egyptian dynasty. Khendjer's prenomen or throne name, Userkare, translates as "The Soul of Re is Powerful. The latest attested date for his reign is the fourth month of the season of Akhet (inundation), day 15 in his fifth regnal year. Kim Ryholt notes that two dated control notes on stone blocks from his unfinished pyramid complex give him a minimum reign of 4 years 3 months and 5 days. The aforementioned control notes are dated to Year 1 I Akhet day 10 and Year 5 IV Akhet day 15 of his reign.. 

Sobekhotep V/Merhotepre

Sehetepkare Intef (alternatively Antef or Inyotef) was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty, known from the Turin King List, and a statue now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. He originally came from Medinet Madi. He reigned only for a short period. In the literature he is sometimes referred to as Intef IV [2] or Intef V. Queen Aya (Iy) may have been a wife of Sehetepkare Intef, but this is not certain and she may have been the wife of another 13th dynasty king.

Sobekhotep III (throne name: Sekhemresewdjtawy) was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty. The family of the king is known from several sources. A monument from Sehel Island shows Sobekhotep with his father Mentuhotep, his mother was Iuhetibu (Yauheyebu), his brothers Seneb and Khakau, and a half-sister called Reniseneb. Reniseneb was a daughter of Iuhetibu and her second husband Dedusobek. Sobekhotep II had two wives, Senebhenas and Neni. A stela from Koptos (Qift), now in the Louvre (C 8), mentions the daughters of Neni: Iuhetibu (Fendy) and Dedetanuq. Iuhetibu Fendy wrote her name in a cartouche. This is a second time in Egyptian history that a king's daughter received this honour.

Neferhotep I was an Egyptian king of the Thirteenth Dynasty and one of the most powerful rulers of this dynasty.The Turin Canon assigned him a reign length of 11 years. Neferhotep I came from a military family. His grandfather, Nehy, held the title 'officer of a town regiment'. Nehy was married to a woman called Senebtysy. Nothing is known about her, other than that she held the common title 'lady of the house'. Their only known son was called Haankhef. He appears in the sources always as 'God's father', and he was married to a woman called Kemi. Haankhef and Kemi were the parents of Neferhotep I.

Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV was one of the most powerful Egyptian kings of the 13th Dynasty. He was the son of the 'god's father' Haankhef and of the 'king's mother' Kemi. His brother, Neferhotep I, was his predecessor on the throne. The king is believed to have reigned for around 10 years. He is known by a relatively high number of monuments, including stelae, statues, many seals and other minor objects. There are attestations for building works at Abydos and Karnak. Sobekhotep IV's wife was the 'king's wife' Tjan. Several children are known. The royal court is also well known. Vizier was Neferkare Iymeru. Treasurer was Senebi and high steward a certain Nebankh.

Ay/Merneferre

Sobekhotep V was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. His birth name was Sobekhotep, and his throne name was Merhotepre Sobekhotep V appears in the Turin King List as the successor of Sobekhotep IV. According to this document, he only reigned for four years. Sobekhotep IV was perhaps his father, as he had a son called 'Sobekhotep'. Sobekhotep V is known from a statue found at Kerma and from several scarab seals. Sobekhotep VI was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. His birth name was Sobekhotep, and his throne name was Khahotepre.

Wahibre Ibiau (throne name: Wahibre - birth name: Ibiau) was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty, who reigned for 10 years, 8 months and 29 days according to the Turin King List. He is not known from many contemporary monuments. There are several scarab seals with his name as well as a stela of an official of his and some other minor objects.

Merneferre Ay (also spelled Aya or Eje) was an Ancient Egyptian ruler of the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt. He assumed the throne around 1700 BC. His reign length-as preserved in the damaged Turin King List - was disputed in the past with Jurgen von Beckerath reading the damaged figure on the papyrus fragment as only 13 years in his 1964 work Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der zweiten Zwischenzeit in Agypten, while both Alan Gardiner - in The Royal Canon of Turin (1959)--and Kenneth Kitchen in his 1987 paper 'The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age at the "High, Middle or Low" University of Goteborg convention maintained that it was 23 Years.

Merhotepre Ini was the son and successor of Merneferre Ay and a king of the late Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is assigned a brief reign of 2 Years 3 or 4 Months and 9 days in the Turin Canon. Although Merhotepre enjoyed a very brief reign, he is attested in the historical records by the Cairo Juridical Stela. This document, which is dated to Year 1 of the later Theban king Nebiryraw I, contains a genealogical charter which states that Ayameru--the son by Vizier Aya and the King's daughter Reditenes - was appointed Governor of El-Kab in Year 1 of Merhotepre Ini.

King Solomon & Moses, of Israel, Vs, Pharaoh, Amenemope & Papyrus of Ani

Egyptian Scrolls And The Bible, Amenemope Vs King Solomon of Israel
The Comparison below was but a few of the selected sayings of the entire so-called "Proverbs Of King Solomon" of Israel, however, the entire Psalms "Songs Of King Solomon" including the Torah, are full of direct copies of works copied word for word as their African sayings and teachings.

The Comparative Works, The Teachings Of Egyptian Pharaoh Amem-Em-Ope:
"Give thine ear and hear what I say, apply thine heart, let them rest in the casket of thy belly. That they may act as a peg upon thy tongue. Consider these thirty chapters, they delight and instruct, knowledge how to answer him that speaketh and how to carry back report to one that sent it. 

Pharaoh Amenemope

Beware of robbing the poor and of oppressing the afflicted. Associate not with a passionate man nor approach him for conversations, leap not to cleave to such one that the terror carries thee not away. A scribe who is skilful in his business findeth himself worthy to be a courtier."

Asia Minor, Proverbs (22) XXII 17 & (23) XXIII 14 The "Teachings Of King Solomon" of Israel: "Incline thine ear and hear the words, apply thine heart to apprehend, for it is pleasant if thou keep them in thy belly, that they may be fixed like a peg upon thy lips.

Have I not written for thee thirty sayings, of counsels and knowledge! that thou may make known truth to him that speaketh. Rob not, the poor for he is poor, neither oppresses the lowly at the gate. Associate not with a passionate man nor go with a wrathful man, lest thou learn his ways and get a snare to thy soul." Top right pharaoh Amenemope.

The Ten Commandments By Moses an Israelite Vs The Egyptian Book Of The Dead, Papyrus of Ani.
Moses an Israelite Exodus chapter 20, verses 1-19.

Moses

1. You are to have no (Akhair), other Eloheem except me.
2. You will not make for yourself any (Fehsel), idol at all, of any (Temoonaw), likeness in the (Shawmahyim) skies (Mahal) above or that in the whole planet earth from beneath or in the waters underneath the planet.

3. You will not (Shawkhaw) prostrate yourself to them nor (Awbad) enslave yourself to them, for I a Yahuwa Eloheek. I am a (Qannaw) jealous (El) one (Fawqad) visiting the (Awwone) iniquity of the (Awb) father upon the (Bane) children up to the (Shillaysh) third and (Ribbayah) fourth generation of them that (Sawnay) hate me.

4. You should not take the (Shawme) name of a Yahuwa Eloheek and use it (shaww) falsely for a Yahuwa will not hold him (Nawqaw) guiltless, that takes his (Shame) name and use it (shaww) falsely.
5. (Zawkar) remember the Sabbath day and keep it (Qawdash) holy.
6. You are not to (Rawtsakh) fight to kill.
7. You are not to (Nawaf) commit abominations.
8. You will not (Gawnab) Steal.
9. You are not to (Awnaw) bear (Shehker) false (Ayd) witness against your (Rayah) neighbours.
10. You will not (Khawmad) desire your Israelite neighbour's house, you will not desire your Israelite neighbour's wife, nor his male and female slaves, nor his ox and ass, nor anything that is your Israelite neighbour's.

Papyrus of Nu

  Above Dura-Europos Synagogue painting: Moses and the Burning Bush: 303 - 256 A.D.

The Egyptian Book Of The Dead, Papyrus Of Ani
A Tiny Example Of the Egyptian Version From The Book Of The Dead According To Sir E. A. W. Budge.
Hail, Usekh-nemmt, who comest forth from Anu, I have not committed sin.
Hail, Hept-khet, who comest forth from Kher-aha, I have not committed robbery with violence.
Hail, Fenti, who comest forth from Khemenu, I have not stolen.

Hail, Am-khaibit, who comest forth from Qernet, I have not slain men and women.
Hail, Neha-her, who comest forth from Rasta, I have not stolen grain.
Hail, Ruruti, who comest forth from heaven, I have not purloined offerings.
Hail, Arfi-em-khet, who comest forth from Suat, I have not stolen the property of God.
Hail, Neba, who comest and goest, I have not uttered lies.

Prophet Elijah

Hail, Set-qesu, who comest forth from Hensu, I have not carried away food.
Hail, Utu-nesert, who comest forth from Het-ka-Ptah, I have not uttered curses.
Hail, Qerrti, who comest forth from Amentet, I have not committed adultery, I have not lain with men.
Hail, Her-f-ha-f, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have made none to weep.
Hail, Basti, who comest forth from Bast, I have not eaten the heart.
Hail, Ta-retiu, who comest forth from the night, I have not attacked any man.
Hail, Unem-snef, who comest forth from the execution chamber, I am not a man of deceit.
Hail, Unem-besek, who comest forth from Mabit, I have not stolen cultivated land.
Hail, Neb-Maat, who comest forth from Maati, I have not been an eavesdropper.
Hail, Tenemiu, who comest forth from Bast, I have not slandered [no man].
Hail, Sertiu, who comest forth from Anu, I have not been angry without just cause.
Hail, Tutu, who comest forth from Ati, I have not debauched the wife of any man.
Hail, Maa-antuf, who comest forth from Per-Menu, I have not polluted myself.
Hail, Her-uru, who comest forth from Nehatu, I have terrorized none.

Abraham & Isaac, Moses, David, Samson, Jew, Grew, Jnew, ghebre, gibborim and Jabbaarat

Below: Fresco from the Via Latina Catacomb, Rome (cubiculum C), painted about 320 A.D.

Abraham & Isaac

 Abraham raises his sword to slay his son Isaac. The original Hebrew or Chaldean was Black, from Abraham son of Terah. The original Greeks were Black, from Javan son of Japheth.

The original Arabs were Black, from Kedar the son of Ishmael. Middle top: Modern-day Falashan Woman. The words "Jews and Hebrew" are confusing to some people because many people think they are the same in meaning. First of all the word "Jews" or Gews (Grew), which is short for Greeks.

The Nubian race is subdivided into three groups Dongoloway, Jaaliyah and Shagiya. Dongoloway:
Long facial features, dark eyes, dark skin, and wavy or curly hair. Jaaliyah: Rounded facial features, kinky cotton wool, or wavy hair. Shagiya: A combination of the two above. Biblical names: Shemite, Cushite and Mizraimite The descendants of Noah who are Abraham's seed.

David

The Nubian seed is the descendants of Isaac, Ishmael and Midian (All Black).  Right; From the Bristol Psalter (C. 1050 A.D.): David in the cave of Adullam

All Greeks are Jews by a common denominator, Japheth, son of Noah and Na' mah and through their son Javan (All Nubian). However, Javan Married Iris (Caucasian) and they had a son called Khittim (Mixed Race).

When the term Hebrew and Jew were used in the Bible, most people think they meant White of Jewish origin, well, Yes in some cases and no in other cases.

The word Hebrew is a variant of the word ghebre, Gheber, Gibborim and Jabbaarat. A ghebre is a fire worshipper and a true fire is our sun. David used the shield of Abraham, later called the Star of David. The original Jews were star worshippers. There were also Ethiopian Hebrews, Haribu, Habibu and Habiru.

They were the real lost tribe of Israel and still remained the genuine tribe in the form of the Danaakil and Falashan. The Falashans can trace their ancestry directly to King David of the bible. What is Yiddish? Yiddish is the language spoken by the east European Jews.

Moses

 Jews have always spoken the language of the land where they lived. Babylonian Jews spoke Phoenician, and the Jews who lived under Arab dominion learned Arabic. They could not speak it the original way, so they created modern Arabic, and those of France spoke French in their daily lives.

Even The Covenant Of Circumcision was passed down by the Egyptians and is recorded in red granite stone, before the so-called Holy Scriptures. Side Lock Of Youth.

In Judaism, there is the menorah that Jews use to celebrate the Sabbath, which was taken from the Egyptian table of offerings. Left: Dura-Europos synagogue painting: Moses Crossing the Red Sea: 303 - 256 A.D.

The locks worn by the Hebrews, and Jews go back to the side lock worn by Egyptian youths. In this respect, we further learn from Origen, that circumcision was compulsory, and one of the necessary conditions of initiation to a knowledge of the hieroglyphics and sciences of the Egyptians, and it is obvious that Democritus, in order to obtain such knowledge must have submitted also to that rite.

Origen, who was a native of Egypt wrote as follows:

Samson & the Lion

"Apud Aegyptios nullus aut geometrica studebat, aut astronomiae secreta remabatur, nisi circumncisione suscepta." Meaning (No one among the Egyptians, either studied geometry, or investigated the secrets of Astronomy, unless circumcision had been undertaken). Right: Samson and the Lion Wall painting, Via Latina Catacomb, Rome circa 350 - 400 A.D.

Yiddish began to develop when Jews from France settled along the Rhine, and their vocabulary was increased by many words from the various medieval German dialects of their new neighbours.

When the German Jews migrated to Bohemia, Poland and Lithuania, they took their medieval German dialect with them, at the same time adapting more Hebrew and Slavic words. Yiddish is the creation of the fake Ashkenazi Jews.

Even before 1500 A.D., Yiddish was spoken in Ashkenazic communities. Beginning with the thirteenth century, as the role of the Ashkenazi Jews in Jewish history became more and more prominent, the Yiddish language gained in importance.

  From the sixteenth through the eighteenth century, it was the spoken language of the albino seed calling themselves Ashkenazim Jews everywhere. Yiddish is still the language of communication among Jews in the various centres of the world.

The Holy Prophet Elijah is one of the greatest of the prophets and the first dedicated to virginity in the Old Testament.

He was born in Tishba of Gilead into the Levite tribe 900 years before the Incarnation of the Word of God. St Epiphanius of Cyprus gives the following account about the birth of the Prophet Elijah: "When Elijah was born, his father Sobach saw in a vision angels of God around him. They swaddled him with fire and fed him with flames."

Twelfth Egyptian Dynasty 1991 - 1802 BCE

Pharaoh Amenemhat I: Amenemhet I was the first ruler of the 12th Dynasty, and some Egyptologists believe that recovery from the First Intermediate Period into the Middle Kingdom only really began with his rule. He was almost certainly not of royal blood, at least if he is the same Vizier that functioned under his predecessor, Mentuhotep IV.

XII Egyptian Dynasty 1991 - 1802 BCE

Amenemhat I/Sehetepibre 1991 - 1962 BCE
Sesostris I/kheperkare 1971 - 1926 BCE
Amenemhat II/Nubkhaure 1929 - 1895 BCE
Sesostris II/Khakheperre 1897 - 1878 BCE
Sesostris III/Khakaure 1878 - 1839 BCE
Amenemhat III/Nimaatre 1860 - 1814 BCE.
Amenemhat IV/Maakherure 1815 - 1806 BCE
Nefrusobek/Sobekkare 1806 - 1802 BCE

Perhaps either Mentuhotep IV had no heir, or he was simply a weak leader. This vizier, named Amenemhet, recorded an inscription when Mentuhotep IV sent him to Wadi Hammamt. The inscription records two omens. The first tells us of a gazelle that gave birth to her calf atop the stone that had been chosen for the lid of the King's sarcophagus. the second was of a ferocious rainstorm that, when subsided, disclosed a well 10 cubits square and full of water. Of course that was a very good omen in this barren landscape.

Many Egyptologists believe that Amenemhet's inscription implies that a great ruler will come to the throne of Egypt upon the death of Mentuhotep IV, who will lead the country into prosperity. It is fairly certain that Amenemhet the vizier was predicting his own rise to the throne as Amenemhet I. However, we are told that he had at least two other competitors to the throne.

 One was called Inyotef, and the other a Segerseni from Nubia. It would appear that he quickly dealt with these obstacles.

We believe that he ruled Egypt for almost 30 years. Peter A. Clayton places his reign between the years of 1991 and 1962 BC while the Oxford History of Ancient Egypt gives him a reign lasting from 1985 through 1956 BC. Dodson has his reign lasting from 1994 until 1964 BC.

Amenemhet I's Horus name, Wehem-mesut, means "he who repeats births", and almost certainly was chosen to commemorate the new dynasty and a return to the values and prosperity of a united Egypt. Amenemhet (Amenemhat) was his birth name and means "Amun is at the Head". He was called Ammenemes I by the Greeks. His throne name was Sehetep-ib-re, which means "Satisfied is the Heart of Re".

Pharaoh Sesostris I
In Herodotus' Histories there appears a story told by Egyptian priests about a Pharaoh Sesostris, who once led an army northward overland to Asia Minor, then fought his way westward until he crossed into Europe, where he defeated the Scythians and Thracians (possibly in modern Romania and Bulgaria). Sesostris then returned home, leaving colonists behind at the river Phasis in Colchis.

Herodotus cautioned the reader that much of this story came second hand via Egyptian priests, but also noted that the Colchians were commonly known to be Egyptian colonists.

According to Diodorus Siculus (who calls him Sesoosis), and Strabo, he conquered the whole world, even Scythia and Ethiopia, divided Egypt into administrative districts or nomes, was a great law-giver, and introduced a caste system into Egypt and the worship of Serapis.

Herodotus also relates that when Sesostris defeated an army without much resistance he erected a pillar in their capital with a vagina on it to symbolize the fact that the army fought like women. Pliny the Elder also makes mention of Sesostris, who, he claims, was defeated by Saulaces, a gold-rich king of Colchis.

Nubkhaure Amenemhat II was the third pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Not much is known about his reign. He ruled Egypt for 35 years from 1929 BC to 1895 BC and was the son of Senusret I through the latter's chief wife, Queen Nefru His queen is not known; although recently a certain 'king's wife' named Senet has been proposed. His prenomen or throne name, Nubkaure, means "Golden are the Souls of Re."

The most important monument of his reign are the fragments of an annual stone found at Memphis, reused in the New Kingdom. It reports events of the first years of his reign. Donations to various temples are mentioned as well as a campaign to Southern Palestine and the destruction of two cities. The coming of Nubians to bring tribute is also reported. Amenemhat II established a coregency with his son Senusret II in his 33rd Regnal Year in order to secure the continuity of the royal succession.

His pyramid was constructed at Dahshur and is only little researched. Next to the pyramid were found the tombs of several royal women some of them were found undisturbed and still contained golden jewelery.

His name means 'Man of Goddess Wosret' . It was the name that seems to enter the royal linage because of this king's non-royal, great, great grandfather, the original Senusret and father of the founder of the Dynasty, Amenemhet I. Senusret II's name is also found in various references as Senwosret II, or the Greek form, Sesostris II. His throne name was Kha-khaeper-re, meaning "Soul of Re comes into Being".

Khakeperre Senusret II was the fourth pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. His pyramid was constructed at El-Lahun. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from Bahr Yusuf through to Lake Moeris through the construction of a dike at El-Lahun and the addition of a network of drainage canals. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land in that area. The importance of this project is emphasized by Senusret II's decision to move the royal necropolis from Dahshur to El-Lahun where he built his pyramid. This location would remain the political capital for the 12th and 13th Dynasties of Egypt. The king also established the first known workers' quarter in the nearby town of Senusrethotep (Kahun).

Pharaoh Sesostris III: During the reigns of his predecessors, the provincial nobles of Middle Egypt had enhanced their power through royal favours and intermarriage with the families of neighbouring potentates. Around the middle of Sesostris III’s reign, the rich provincial tombs, which were a mark of the nobles’ power, abruptly ceased to be built.

 Simultaneously, the memorials of middle-class persons increased at Abydos, the Upper Egyptian shrine of the popular god Osiris.

Sesostris III strengthened the central government, minimizing the power and influence of the feudal nobility. Egypt was divided into four great districts, each of which possessed a hierarchy of officials and scribes directly responsible to the vizier. The vizier possessed a ministry, and countrywide departments of the treasury, agriculture, war, and labour resources were created. These assumed governmental functions and kept strict accounts of income and disbursement. So effective were the reforms that in the following dynasty, in spite of weak rulers, the central government under the viziers continued to function effectively for over a century.

Amenemhat III, also spelled Amenemhet III was a pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from c.1860 BC to c.1814 BC, the latest known date being found in a papyrus dated to Regnal Year 46, I Akhet 22 of his rule. He is regarded as the greatest monarch of the Middle Kingdom.[citation needed] He may have had a long coregency (of 20 years) with his father, Senusret III.
Towards the end of his reign he instituted a coregency with his successor Amenemhet IV, as recorded in a now damaged rock inscription at Konosso in Nubia, which equates Year 1 of Amenemhet IV to either Year 46, 47 or 48 of his reign. His daughter, Sobekneferu, later succeeded Amenemhat IV, as the last ruler of the 12th Dynasty. Amenemhat III's throne name, Nimaatre, means "Belonging to the Justice of Re."

He built his first pyramid at Dahshur (the so-called "Black Pyramid") but there were construction problems and this was abandoned.

 Around Year 15 of his reign the king decided to build a new pyramid at Hawara The pyramid at Dahshur was used as burial ground for several royal women.
His mortuary temple at Hawara (near the Fayum), is accompanied by a pyramid and may have been known to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus as the "Labyrinth."

Strabo praised it as a wonder of the world. The king's pyramid at Hawara contained some of the most complex security features of any found in Egypt and is perhaps the only one to come close to the sort of tricks Hollywood associates with such structures. Nevertheless, the king's burial was robbed in antiquity.

His daughter, Neferuptah, was buried in a separate pyramid (discovered in 1956) 2 km southwest of the king's The pyramidion of Amenemhet III's pyramid tomb was found toppled from the peak of its structure and preserved relatively intact; it is today located in the Egyptian Cairo Museum.

Amenemhat IV, or Amenemhet IV was Pharaoh of Egypt, likely ruling between ca. 1815 BC and ca. 1806 BC. He served first as the junior coregent of Amenemhat III and completed the latter's temple at Medinet Maadi, which is "the only intact temple still existing from the Middle Kingdom" according to Zahi Hawass, Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA).

 The temple's foundations, administrative buildings, granaries and residences were recently uncovered by an Egyptian archaeological expedition in early 2006. Amenemhat IV likely also built a temple in the northeastern Fayum at Qasr el-Sagha.

The Turin Canon papyrus records a reign of 9 Years 3 months and 27 days for Amenemhat IV. He served the first year of his reign as the junior co-regent to his powerful predecessor, Amenemhat III, according to a rock graffito in Nubia. His short reign was relatively peaceful and uneventful; several dated expeditions were recorded at the Serabit el-Khadim mines in the Sinai. It was after his death that the gradual decline of the Middle Kingdom is thought to have begun.

Amenemhat died without a male heir, though it is possible that the two first rulers of the next dynasty, Sobekhotep I and Sonbef were his sons. He was succeeded by his half-sister (or perhaps his aunt) Sobeknefru, who became the first woman in about 1500 years to rule Egypt. He may have been Sobeknefru's spouse but no historical evidence currently substantiates this theory.

Sobekneferu (sometimes written "Neferusobek") was an Egyptian pharaoh of the twelfth dynasty.

  Her name meant "the beauty of Sobek." She was the daughter of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. Manetho states she also was the sister of Amenemhat IV, but this claim is unproven. Sobekneferu had an older sister named Nefruptah who may have been the intended heir.

Neferuptah's name was enclosed in a cartouche and she had her own pyramid at Hawara. Neferuptah died at an early age however. Sobekneferu is the first known female ruler of Egypt, although Nitocris may have ruled in the Sixth Dynasty, and there are five other women who are believed to have ruled as early as the First Dynasty.

Amenemhat IV most likely died without a male heir; consequently, Amenemhat III's royal daughter Sobekneferu assumed the throne. According to the Turin Canon, she ruled for 3 years, 10 months, and 24 days in the late 19th century BC. She died without heirs and the end of her reign concluded Egypt's brilliant Twelfth Dynasty and the Golden Age of the Middle Kingdom as it inaugurated the much weaker Thirteenth Dynasty.