Monday 3 July 2023

Zombie Powder, and Legends, Tetrodotoxin (TTX), Chemical Composition

ZOMBIE POWDER AND LEGENDS: A SCIENTIFIC STUDY 

The Zombie legends have many variations, including the regurgitated Hollywood versions, which are all false. There is a true story behind the Zombie legends. Zombie Legend is a misadventure from various ventures that took a true story from our culture and stuffed it with vultures via their lectures, all conjecture.

CONTENT: 

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ZOMBIE POWDER

THE INGREDIENTS IN ZOMBIE POWDER

HISTORY OF PUFFERFISH AND TETRODOTOXIN: A CHINESE PHARMACOPOEIA

TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)

Translated From Voodoo Alphabet to Letters and Words

THE METHOD OF CONVERSION FROM INGREDIENT TO ZOMBIE POWDER

TETRODOTOXIN (TTX) POISON TOXICITY

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)

CLAIRVIUS NARCISSE 

THE PURPOSE OF ZOMBIE POWDER

BONUS TIP: THE INGREDIENTS NEEDED TO TREAT MALARIA FEVER

CONCLUSION

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ZOMBIE POWDER: What are the main ingredients in Zombie powder? What is the prevalent chemical in Zombie powder? What is the method behind preparing the powder? What purpose is the powder utilised for? Why create a Zombie powder?

THE INGREDIENTS IN ZOMBIE POWDER

The Shamans and medicine men amongst the slaves created a unique serum. This powder gives all the effects of death. A form of this serum is called Zombie Powder.

"Religion Voodoo", An Article in the 1995 A.D. August Edition Of "Focus," The Serum Contains:

One human Skull and Assorted bones blessed Vegetable oil. Two blue Agama lizards and a Toad called 'Crapaud Bonga' (Bufo-marinus).

Zombie Powder Ingredients

One sea snake (a polychaete worm), a sprig f tch-tch, "albizzia", several pods of itching pea, "Pois Gratter", two preferably female and must be the Chequered-Pufferfish (Sphoeroides testudineus), the Sea Toad, "Crapaud de Mer".

Add tarantulas, millipedes, and white tree frogs to taste.

The Prevalent Chemical in Zombie Powder is Tetrodotoxin (TTX): Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes. And it includes porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; many of these species carry the toxin. In addition, several other aquatic animals (e.g., blue-ringed octopuses, chequered-pufferfish, rough-skinned newts, and moon snails) also contain (TTX). 

HISTORY OF PUFFERFISH AND TETRODOTOXIN: A CHINESE PHARMACOPOEIA

The therapeutic uses of pufferfish (Tetraodon) eggs were in the first Chinese pharmacopoeia Pen-T'so Ching, The Book of Herbs, allegedly 2838–2698 BC by Shénnóng Ben Cao Jing. But a later date is more likely. (Tetraodon) eggs were classified as having medium toxicity but could have a tonic effect when used at the correct dose. The principal use was to arrest convulsive diseases. In the Pen-Tso Kang Mu (Index Herbacea or The Great Herbal by Li Shih-Chen, 1596): Some types of the fish Ho-Tun (the current Chinese name for tetraodon) recognised as both toxic and (using the correct dose), could be used to prepare a tonic.

Increasing toxicity in Ho-Tun became more apparent in fish caught at sea (rather than in a river) after March. It became evident that the most poisonous parts were the liver and eggs. But that toxicity could be reduced by soaking the eggs, noting that tetrodotoxin is slightly water-soluble and soluble at 1 mg/mL in mildly acidic solutions. The German physician Engelbert Kaempfer, in his A History of Japan (translated and published in English in 1727). 

Kaempfer described how well-known the toxic effects of the fish were, to the extent of its application for suicide, and that the emperor specifically decreed that soldiers were not permitted to eat it. There is also evidence from other sources that knowledge of such toxicity was widespread throughout Southeast Asia and India. 

Other Marine Life Containing Tetrodotoxin

The first recorded cases of TTX poisoning affecting Westerners are from the logs of Captain James Cook from 7 September 1774. Cook recorded his crew eating some local tropic fish (pufferfish), then feeding the remains to the pigs on board. The men experienced numbness and shortness of breath, while the pigs were all found dead the following day.

In hindsight, the crew survived a mild dose of tetrodotoxin while the pigs ate the pufferfish body parts that contain most of the toxin, thus being fatally poisoned. The toxin was first isolated and named in 1909 by Japanese scientist Dr Yoshizumi Tahara. It was one of the agents studied by Japan's Unit 731, which evaluated biological weapons on human subjects in the 1930s.

TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)

Tetrodotoxin materialised through certain infecting or symbiotic bacteria like Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio and other variations found in animals. Zombie powder consists of about 85% tetrodotoxin. Tetrodotoxin is a sodium channel blocker. It inhibits the firing of action potentials in neurons by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes and blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the neuron.

(TTX) prevents the nervous system from carrying messages and inhibiting muscles from flexing in response to nervous stimulation. Its mechanism of action, selective blocking of the sodium channel, was shown definitively in 1964 by Toshio Narahashi and John W. Moore at Duke University, using the sucrose-gap voltage clamp technique. 

Tetrodotoxin binds to what is known as site 1 of the fast voltage-gated sodium channel. (Site 1), is situated at the extracellular pore opening of the ion channel. The binding of any molecules to this site will temporarily disable the function of the ion channel, thereby blocking the passage of sodium ions into the nerve cell (which is ultimately necessary for nerve conduction); neo-saxitoxin and several of the conotoxins also bind the same site. 

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

Using this toxin as a biochemical probe has elucidated two types of voltage-gated sodium channels in humans: the tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium channel (TTX-s Na+ channel) and the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel (TTX-r Na+ channel). Tetrodotoxin binds to TTX-s Na+ channels with a (binding affinity) of 5–15 nM. Meanwhile, the TTX-r Na+ channels bind TTX with low micromolar affinity. Nerve cells containing TTX-r Na+ channels are located primarily in cardiac tissue, while nerve cells containing TTX-s Na+ channels dominate the rest of the body.

Cardiac muscle tissue, or myocardium, is the specialised muscle tissue that forms the heart. This muscle tissue contracts and expands involuntarily. And it oversees keeping the heart pumping blood around the body. TTX and its analogues have historically been agents for use as chemical tool compounds, for use in channel characterisation and fundamental studies of channel function. The prevalence of TTX-s Na+ channels in the central nervous system makes tetrodotoxin a valuable agent for silencing neural activity within a cell culture.

THE METHOD OF CONVERSION FROM INGREDIENT TO ZOMBIE POWDER

The potion or Coup Poudre should be prepared in June when the female Chequered-Pufferfish contains more tetrodotoxin. Be careful not to touch the mixture because skin absorption is highly likely. Tie the snake to the Toad's leg, put them in a jar and bury it. It will make the Toad "die of rage", which increases the concentration of its poison. Place the skull in a fire with Thunderstone and some blessed oil and burn till black.

Objects Needed to Prepare Zombie Powder

Roast the animal ingredients and grind with the uncooked plants in a pestle and mortar. Add unheated shaving of the human bone. A few sacred poems, spells, or text, now grind your mixture to a fine powder. Pour the powder into a jar and bury it in the coffin with the rest of your source skeleton for three days. You now have your Coup Poudre or Zombie Potion. Finally, to apply the Zombie powder, sprinkle it in a cross on the threshold of the target.

TETRODOTOXIN (TTX) POISON TOXICITY

TTX is very toxic. The Material Safety Data Sheet for TTX lists the oral median lethal dose (LD50) (for mice) as 334 µg per kg. For comparison, the oral LD50 of potassium cyanide for mice is 8.5 mg per kg, demonstrating that even orally, TTX is more poisonous than cyanide.

TTX is even more dangerous if injected; the amount needed to reach a lethal dose by injection is only (8) µg per kg in mice. The toxin can enter the victim's body through ingestion and injection, inhalation, or grazed skin.

A chequered pufferfish's organs (e.g., liver) can contain levels of tetrodotoxin sufficient to produce the described paralysis of the diaphragm and result in death due to respiratory failure. Toxicity varies between species and at different seasons and geographic localities. And the flesh of many pufferfish may not be dangerously toxic.

The mechanism of toxicity is through the blockage of fast voltage-gated sodium channels required for the regular transmission of signals between the body and the brain. As a result, TTX causes loss of sensation, and paralysis of voluntary muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, stopping breathing.

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)

The diagnosis of pufferfish poisoning established on the observed symptomatology and recent dietary history stipulated that symptoms typically develop within 30 minutes of ingestion but may be delayed by up to four hours. 

However, if the dose is fatal, symptoms usually manifest within 17 minutes of ingestion. Paraesthesia of the lips and tongue is followed by developing paraesthesia in the extremities, hypersalivation, sweating, headache, weakness, lethargy, incoordination, tremor, paralysis, cyanosis, aphonia, dysphagia, and seizures. The gastrointestinal symptoms are often severe, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain; death is usually secondary to respiratory failure.

There is increasing respiratory distress, speech is affected, and the victim usually exhibits dyspnoea, cyanosis, mydriasis, and hypotension. Followed by paralysis and convulsions, mental impairment, and cardiac arrhythmia may occur. The victim, although paralysed, may be conscious and sometimes utterly lucid until shortly before death, which occurs within 4 to 6 hours (range ~20 minutes to ~8 hours). However, some victims enter a coma. If the patient survives for 24 hours, recovery without residual effects should occur over a few days.

Therapy is supportive and based on symptoms, with aggressive early airway management. If ingested, treatment can consist of emptying the stomach, feeding the victim activated charcoal to bind the toxin, and taking standard life-support measures to keep the victim alive until the effect of the poison has worn off. In addition to an intravenous fluid to combat hypotension, anticholinesterase agents "have been proposed as a treatment option but have not been tested adequately".

No antidote has been developed and approved for human use: a research report (preliminary result) indicates that a monoclonal antibody specific to tetrodotoxin is in development by USAMRIID that was effective, in one study, for reducing toxin lethality in tests on mice.

There are two types of Zombie powders. The first one contains 85% tetrodotoxin, and the second, not so much. It is less than 150 years old and mainly consists of a hallucinogenic agent, while the first is between 600 to 100 years old. The original Zombie powder is for faking death, while the second is for mind control. The second Zombie powder is the depreciated and unethical version of the first. 

CLAIRVIUS NARCISSE

Clairvius Narcisse was a Haitian man who claimed to have been turned into a zombie by a Haitian Vodou and forced to work as a slave. The hypothesis for Narcisse's account was that the Vodou Priest administered a combination of psychoactive substances, which rendered him helpless and seemingly dead. 

The Photo of Clairvius Narcisse

The book, The Serpent and Rainbow presented the case of Clairvius Narcisse, a man who had been a zombie for two years, arguing that the zombification process was more likely the result of a complex interaction of tetrodotoxin, a powerful hallucinogenic plant called Datura, and cultural forces and beliefs.

In the book, the Medicine Man applied both the first (original) and the second version of the Zombie powder. He used the first version to fake Clairvius Narcisse's death and the second to control his mind after the effect of the first version wore off.

THE PURPOSE OF ZOMBIE POWDER

The best way to apply the powder is to sprinkle it down the back or inside the shoe. The victim will collapse, apparently dead. House slaves would then show the slave masters the body of the dead slave. The slave master would not bother to bury the slaves. He would leave that to the Slaves to take care of the burial.

Voodoo Festival

However, the slave masters would come to the funerals making sure the slave was dead. The slaves would bury the "dead" slave in a shallow grave face down, with a hole dug to create an air pocket, increasing breathing space for a few hours. Sometimes they would put hollow twigs in the grave headstone in the shape of a cross, enabling him to breathe, giving the appearance of a heap of dirt with a cross made from hollowed bamboo.

This apparent death examination would result in the appearance of no pulse. Because the drug reduces circulation, giving the slave master the impression that the slaves had a fight amongst themselves, one got killed. And buried, and it was over. Later that night, the slaves would dig up the grave and free the "Dead Slave," telling him to run and go to the blue mountains, another island, another state or amongst the Native Americans. 

When the "Dead" slaves were seen in other states, towns or islands and reported to the slave owner as being alive and kicking, it began all sorts of speculations and rumours on his part, which gave birth to the Zombie legend. The astonishing thing about this scientific feat, by the brilliant medicine people or Priests, was that they mastered the art of the dosage required for the Zombie powder to be effective.

For example, too little Zombie powder would not have the desired effect on the victim or patient. Therefore, ineffective. Too much Zombie powder would have the adverse result of killing patients, which is inadequate. The administration of the powder dosage must be perfected every time for the Zombie powder to be effective.

Egugun Voodoo Festival

BONUS TIP: THE INGREDIENTS NEEDED TO TREAT MALARIA FEVER

Includes leaves of (Artemisia Annua) and wild quinine (Parthenium Integrifolium), Cinchona bark (Chloroquine and Hydroxy-chloroquine); Cotton plant seeds; bark of Enantia chlorantha, including Nauclea latifolia; Isapa flower (Roselle plant of Hibiscus Sabdariffa) and three types of Pako (chewing sticks). Courtesy of my late Grandmother, and may her soul rest in peace.

CONCLUSION

Modern scientists are still struggling to compose the perfect antidote for tetrodotoxin poisoning. Yet these slaves chemically manufactured Zombie powder using natural ingredients at least 250 years ago. Think about it.

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