Japan, Meadowcroft USA, Stone Age Binary Counting

Asia, China & Japan

En route to Australia from Africa our ancestors left behind colonies that made their own journey further to the east.

One group moved from Asia to China and beyond while another went west from India to Himalayans. Others went onto the vast Asia steppes while the remaining colonies went to Arabian Gulf. Hence the creation of the Middle Eastern Countries, Syria, Levant, Turkey, The Balkans and Europe. About 20,000 years ago our ancestors in India, South-east Asia, China, Mongolia and Siberia, Cross the Bearing Strait.

The African element in Japan is clearly recognisable by certain inhabitants with dark and often blackish skin, wide flat nose and frizzy to curly hair. African racial type skulls have been found in the island of Formosa and traces of this African element in the island of Liu-Kiu to the south of Japan, Les-Negritos Dela Chine. Batchelor points out, in his book Ainu Lite and Core, that 'the oldest known inhabitants of Japan are the 'Ainus'.

The Ainu people of Japan is notable for possessing almost exclusively Haplogroup D chromosomes In human genetics, Haplogroup D (M174) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup D are believed to have originated in Africa some 50,000 years before present. 

There is mention of black military commander Sakanouya Tamuramaro, in the very early stages of Japanese history. (Runoko Rashidi, 'Presence in Asian Antiquity, Nile Valley Civilisation).  According to a Japanese proverb: 'For a Samurai to be brave, he must have a bit of black blood: Cheikh Anti Diop 'Origin of Civilisation' (Myth of Reality).

Meadowcroft USA

Ohio River in Pennsylvania, the Meadowcroft rock shelter settlement site holds key archaeological clues to American ancestry. Meadowcroft is the oldest American sites. The Meadowcroft site contains artifacts dating to around 16,000 BCE. Some of the artefacts from Meadowcroft bore concise similarities to those discovered in China about 28,000 BCE. 

 The evidence from Meadowcroft and other American sites suggests that humans did not migrate to North America via one route as previously thought. That population bearing different genetic lines appeared to have entered North America through different routes and times, from Central Asia, China, Malaysia, Japan and Siberia.  

Books:  (Batchelor's Ainu Lite and Core), (Runoko Rashidi, 'Presence in Asian Antiquity, Nile Valley Civilisation), Cheikh Anti Diop, Origin of Civilisation

Stone Age Binary Counting

Many cultures have very strong relationships to the number two.

Two is the perfect number, and everything must come in pairs in order to stay intact. Odd numbers bring bad luck because they can't be divided in two equal halves.

If twins are born, they are considered sacred, more perfect than their "non-doubled" tribemates. Australian Aboriginal nearly extinct Gumbaynggir language is not very useful for counting large numbers. For example using the table in the image on the left to count up to 50 meant saying Bulari over 25 times.

When dealing with large numbers, some new concepts are desperately needed. If a mind that only knows about "one" and "two" wants to handle large amounts of things, the most natural way in my opinion is to form pairs, then pairs of pairs (groups of 4), pairs of pairs of pairs (groups of 8), and so on. If the mind gives names to these groups, it suddenly has the possibility of composing numbers from powers of two - a binary number system.

The number system of the Medlpa language spoken in Papua-New-Guinea as illustrated in the image on the left, is based on the addition of powers of two. What if you want to use fingers for counting in systems like this? Simple: just forget one finger from each hand and one toe from each foot, and you have a very beautiful octal or hexadecimal base.