The Olmec

The first civilization in the Americas was founded by a people we call Olmecs.

The Olmec came to Mexico from Africa over 5000 years ago. The Olmec were a cosmopolitan people.  As a result we find many other nationalities living in the Olmec cities in addition to Africans, from many parts of the Old World. Alexander von Wuthenau in has recorded the iconographic evidence for the European and Chinese people that traded with the Olmec people. The ancient civilization of the Olmec thrived, in what are now the Mexican state of Veracruz and Tabasco. The Olmec also built huge pyramids and created their own form of hieroglyphic writing. They carved four huge heads, each weighing 60 ton and over 7 feet tall from basalt. Scientist believed the heads represent rain spirit? LOL!!

The races recorded in this table are based on the Polish Comparative-Morphological School (PCMS).

And from now on we will refer to this image as Table 2. The PCMS terms are misleading. As mentioned earlier the Dongolan , Armenoid, and Equatorial groups refer to African people with varying facial features which are all Blacks. This is obvious when we look at the iconographic and sculptural evidence used by Wiercinski (1972b) to support his conclusions.

Wiercinski (1972b) compared the physiognomy of the Olmecs to corresponding examples of Olmec sculptures and bas-reliefs on the stelas. For example, Wiercinski (1972b, p.160) makes it clear that the colossal Olmec heads represent the Dongolan type. It is interesting to note that the empirical frequencies of the Dongolan type at Tlatilco is .231, this was more than twice as high as Wiercinski's theoretical figure of .101, for the presence of Dongolans at Tlatilco.

The other possible African type found at Tlatilco and Cerro were the Laponoid group.

The Laponoid group represents the Austroloid-Melanesian type of (Negro) Pacific Islander, not the Mongolian type. If we add together the following percent of the Olmecs represented in Table 2, by the Laponoid (21.2%), Equatorial (13.5), and Armenoid (18.3) groups we can assume that at least 53 percent of the Olmecs at Tlatilco were Africans or Blacks.

Using the same figures recorded in Table 2 for Cerro, we observe that 40.8 percent of these Olmecs would have been classified as Black if they lived in contemporary America. Rossum (1996) has criticized the work of Wiercinski because he found that not only blacks, but whites were also present in ancient America. To support this view he,claims that Wiercinski was wrong because he found that Negro/Black people lived in Shang China that he compared ancient skeletons to modern Old World people.

First, it was not surprising that Wiercinski found affinities between African and ancient Chinese populations, because everyone knows that many Negro/African/Oceanic skeletons (referred to as Loponoid by the Polish school) have been found in ancient China see: Kwang-chih Chang The Archaeology of ancient China (1976,1977, p.76,1987, pp.64,68). These Blacks were spread throughout Kwangsi, Kwantung, Szechwan, Yunnan and Pearl River delta. Skeletons from Liu-Chiang and Dawenkou, early Neolithic sites found in China, were also Negro. Moreover, the Dawenkou skeletons show skull deformation and extraction of teeth customs, analogous to customs among Blacks in Polynesia and Africa.

Secondly, Rossum argues that Wiercinski was wrong about Blacks in ancient America because a comparison of modern native American skeletal material and the ancient Olmec skeletal material indicate no admixture. The study of Vargas and Rossum are flawed.

Izapa Stela no.5

They are flawed because the skeletal reference collection they used in their comparison of Olmec skeletal remains and modern Amerindian populations because the Mexicans have been mixing with African and European populations since the 1500's. This has left many components of these Old World people within and among Mexican Amerindians.

The iconography of the classic Olmec and Mayan civilization show no correspondence in facial features. But many contemporary Maya and other Amerind groups show African characteristics and DNA. Underhill, et al (1996) found that the Mayan people have an African Y chromosome. This would explain the "puffy" faces of contemporary Amerinds, which are incongruent with the Mayan type associated with classic Mayan sculptures and stelas.

Wiercinski on the other hand, compared his SRC to an unmixed European and African sample. This comparison avoided the use of skeletal material that is clearly mixed with Africans and Europeans, in much the same way as the Afro-American people he discussed in his essay who have acquired "white" features since mixing with whites due to the slave trade. A. von Wuthenau (1980), and Wiercinski (1972b) highlight the numerous art pieces depicting the African or Black variety which made up the Olmec people.



This re-analysis of the Olmec skeletal material from Tlatilco and Cerro, which correctly identifies Armenoid, Dongolan and Loponoid as euphemisms for "Negro" make it clear that a substantial number of the Olmecs were Blacks support the art evidence and writing which point to an African origin for Olmec civilization. In conclusion, the Olmec people were called Xi. They did not speak a Mixe-Zoque language they spoke a Mande language, which is the substratum language for many Mexican languages. The Olmec came from Saharan Africa 3200 years ago.

They came in boats which are depicted in the Izapa Stela no.5, in twelve migratory waves. These Proto-Olmecs belonged to seven clans which served as the base for the Olmec people.

Izapa Stela no.5

Physical anthropologist use many terms to refer to the African type represented by Olmec skeletal remains including Armenoid, Dongolan, Loponoid and Equatorial. The evidence of African skeletons found at many Olmec sites, and their trading partners from the Old World found by Dr. Andrzej Wiercinski prove the cosmopolitan nature of Olmec society.

This skeletal evidence explains the discovery of many African tribes in Mexico and Central America when Columbus discovered the Americas (de Quatrefages, 1836). The skeletal material from Tlatilco and Cerro de las Mesas and evidence that the Olmecs used an African writing to inscribe their monuments and artifacts, make it clear that Africans were a predominant part of the Olmec population. These Olmecs constructed complex pyramids and large sculptured monuments weighing tons. The Maya during the Pre-Classic period built pyramids over the Olmec pyramids to disguise the Olmec origin of these pyramids.

Sources: Alexander von Wuthenau, Izapa Stela no.5 transcribed, Dr. Andrzej Wiercinski, Underhill, et al, Rossum

First Egyptian Dynasty

According to Herodotus Upper and Lower Egypt were united by Menes (who may be representing a number of kings involved in the process of unification), the founding king of the first dynasty who, according to Manetho, came from the Thinite province in Upper Egypt.

Djet

Whether unification was achieved by military or peaceful means is uncertain. According to tradition, Menes founded Memphis on an island in the Nile and extended his power as far as the first cataract.

First Egyptian Dynasty
Aha/Menes/Aka(?) 3100 BCE c. 32nd century (?)  Mainstream opinion identifies Narmer with Menes, however a minority of scholars identify Menes with Hor-Aha.
Hor-Aha(Attah)   starting 3080 ± 30 BCE (p = 0.32)[4]
Djer       (Gani Eri) 3073–3036 BCE 41 years
Djet   (Bag Eri)    3008–2975 BCE?
Merneith (mother of Den)     3008? 2946–2916 BCE
Den/Dan/Dun(Dunu)/(Dunu Idu)     2975–2935-2911 BCE or 2928–2911 BCE 19 to 50 years (42 years)
Anedjib     2916–2896 BCE 20 years
Semerkhet     2912–2891 BCE? 20 years
Qa'a     2906–2886 BCE? 30 years

He sent ambassadors to Canaan and Byblos in Phoenicia to establish peaceful commercial trade links. He founded the city of Crocodilopolis and built the first temple to the god Ptah. Legend has it, that he died at the age of sixty three, killed by wild dogs and crocodiles near Fayum. According to Manetho he was killed by a hippopotamus after a 62 year reign.

Merneith

His was buried at Saqqara, the necropolis of Memphis. His wife Neithotep became regent until their child, Djer, was old enough to reign.

Djer, married to Herneith, ruled from Memphis during fifty years, building palaces and conducting military expeditions against Asiatics in the Sinai desert. An inscription with his name south of the first cataract points to the extent of the realm. Of Djet (Wadj), who succeeded him little is known. His limestone stela was found near Abydos where he was buried.

Queen Merenith ruled Egypt as regent when Den became king as a child. There are, however, many scholars who think that Merenith was a ruler in her own right. Stone vessels and sealings bearing her name were found at Saqqara, as was a stela with her name written in an archaic form with crossed arrows signifying the name of Neith. Merenith has two burial sites, one at Abydos and one at Saqqara (Mastaba 3503). The Saqqara tomb contains some artifacts that show the the name of a high court official called Seshemka. The Abydos burial complex is amongst those of the kings of her dynasty.

 During Den's fifty year reign he conducted military campaigns in the Sinai desert in order to gain control of the mineral deposits there.

He was buried at Saqqara, even though he built his mortuary complex in Abydos.

Semerkhet

The cult of Apis was introduced during his reign. Anendjib who was legitimized by his marriage to Betrest of the Memphite royal family, ruled for fourteen years from Memphis. His power over the south was challenged by local tribes and the northern nomes were often rebellious.

Semerkhet reigned for only nine years, and is thought by some to have been a usurper. According to Manetho disasters occurred during his reign. He may have caused the unrest during Anendjib's reign. He is responsible for erasing Anendjib's name from stone vases. A little black stela bearing his name is the only direct evidence found. Qa'a is mentioned on jar sealings and two damaged stela.

One one of these stela he is shown wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and being embraced by the God Horus.

Hor/Aha

According to Manetho he reigned for about 26 years. He was buried at Abydos in the tomb designated Tomb Q. A German archaeological expedition in 1993 re-excavated the tomb and discovered that several alterations had been made in the tomb.

 Until the reign of Den Egypt seems to have enjoyed stability and prosperity. Order broke down during Anendjib's reign, when conflicting factions caused changes that would end this great dynasty. The practice of subsidiary burial where retainers were killed in order to serve the ruler in the afterlife ceased after the reign of Qa'a.

Sources: Egyptian, Indian and Sumerian King lists' transcriptions,   Herodotus and Manetho

Ancient China

In China, the first evidence of advanced farming and surplus food production appears related to the Yangshao culture, which was focused on the basin formed by the confluence of the Yellow River (Huang Ho), the Fen Ho, and the Kuei-Shui Rivers. 

This culture dates to about 3,500 B.C. To facilitate the needs of survival and development, a fair, upright and capable person was chosen to lead the people in their work and to organize their defences against invasions. This became a process whereby Yao, for example, recommended Shun, Shun recommended Yu and Yu recommended Gaotao, and so on.

Later generations named this method of selecting a tribal head The "Abdication System". This period, where egalitarianism was widespread, was characterized by peace, equality and the common ownership of wealth, historians referred to it as the Society of Great Harmony.

As the population increased, some people inevitably broke away from their groups to form new clans. With improved productivity, an individual was able to produce more than he could consume. This Yangshao culture, which relates to the Xia Dynasty, is characterized by handsomely painted pottery.

This culture also includes cultivated millet, rice, kaoliang, and possibly soybeans, as well as domesticated pig, cattle, sheep, dogs, chickens, and possibly horses and silkworms. There were also “ceremonial” pottery vessels and elaborately worked objects in jade, flint, bone, and stone. Top left: China, Western Zhou Period, 1000 B.C.E., bottom right: Shang Dynasty, Jade.

This meant that neighbouring clan captives were kept alive as slaves instead of killed. The slaves were then obliged to work, and their total output became the property of their owners. In this way, private ownership evolved.

As more and more people became either owners or slaves, a class structure developed within the society, thereby replacing the former primitive Society of Great Harmony. The Longshan Culture is a prime example of this period. To protect their own interests, the privileged classes abandoned the Abdication System and adopted a new political system and social regulations.

After the death of Yu the Great, his son, Qi, killed the appointed successor and usurped power. In so doing, he established a new era of hereditary monarchy that subsequently ruled in China for nearly 4,000 years. This was when the Xia (21st-17th century B.C.), the first hereditary dynasty in China was born. As the first slave dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia Dynasty began with the reign of Qi, the son of the Great Yu, and ended with the fall of Jie.

With its capital located in Anyi (north of Xia County in mid-west Shanxi Province), the Xia was ruled by the descents of the Xiahou tribe.

Altogether, there were 16 kings in 13 generations. (The Shang is referred to as the second slave dynasty). We have already made clear that dates should not be taken literally. A point of comparison: the Yangshao culture is dated conventionally at 3,500 B.C, yet just across the bay in Japan, the same type of people (the ancient Jomon), who migrated "from" China to Japan, are known to have inhabited that area since about 35,000 B.C.

 In their chronology, the Yangshao is indeed the original culture, but they attribute the Xia to the Longshan. Interestingly, no mention is made of different ethnicities, and no evidence is offered to prove that the Xia enslaved the Mongols. Left: Shang Figure 1200 B.C.E.

For many years, the Xia Dynasty was considered a mythical time that the Chinese tell about as part of their oral history. Right: Chariot decoration Western Zhou Period, 1100 B.C.E.

Though the Xia Dynasty existed in oral histories, there was no archaeological evidence found of it until 1959.

Then excavations at Erlitou, in Yanshi, uncovered what was most likely a capital of the Xia Dynasty. This site showed that these people were direct ancestors of the Lungshan/Longshan culture.

Radiocarbon dates from this site, indicate that it existed from 2100 to 1800 B.C. Despite this new archaeological evidence of the Xia, they are still not universally accepted as a true dynasty.

Freemasonry & United States

Freemasonry seeks "to bring humankind from darkness to light and to form mankind into a great redemptive brotherhood." The endemic principle of Freemasonry is to achieve human perfectibility.

The most important objective of this system was the deification of man; the soul of man could become godlike in communication with the Gods. The ultimate aim of Kemetic education was for the Neophyte to become "one with God" or "become like God." Centuries later in the A.D. era, the world was told that man was made in the image and likeness of God as one of the founding tenets/pillars of Christianity's derived religious belief system.

The aim of education was achieved through the development of virtue - a person was seen as being spiritual in a finite human body. It is this specific, inherent spiritual component that is non-existent in Afrikan people's education system - hence, the omnipresence of Isfet. At this crucial juncture, it is vital to insert that the foundations of governance in the United States are based on and derived from, the original spiritual belief system of ancient Kemet/Egypt, especially the role of numbers 7 and 13 and the use of The principles to achieve this genre of a communal way of life and being 24/7/365 are truth, justice, balance, order, compassion, harmony and reciprocity.

In today's world, when a person lives by these same ancient Afrikan/Kemetic Masonic principles daily, such a person is called a "good citizen." These principles are directly linked to the education system. The ancient Kemetic education system had three grades/levels of students:

(1) the mortals (2) the intelligences and (3) the sons of light (level of spiritual consciousness).

By way of elucidation, the spiritual significance of the number 7 is that it denotes completion, while 13 denotes transformation, resurrection, new life and rebirth. Now, the United States achieved its independence on 4 July 1776.  The choice of July by the European founding fathers of the United States denotes that in July (7th month of the year), they completed their armed revolution/struggle for independence from Euro-colonial Britain. The choice of the 4th of July denotes that on that day, the United States was transformed from a colony of Britain to a sovereign independent nation-state; in addition, the 4th of July falls within the summer solstice of ancient Kemet/Egypt which runs/lasts from 21 June - 4 July, a period of 13 days.

It is no accident, therefore, that the European founding fathers of the United States specifically choose this day to coincide with the spiritual belief system/blessing/protection/guidance of ancient Kemet. Moreover, the choice of 1776 denotes that 7 plus 6 also equals 13. So the European founding fathers of the United States purposely veiled/shrouded their new State in the swaddling clothes of ancient Kemet/Egypt.

Furthermore, the most powerful political weapon in the armoury of the United States, namely, the official seal of the government, has 13 layers - accident?

The most powerful economic weapon in the armoury of the United States, the one dollar bill, bears a picture of the ancient Kemetic/Egyptian pyramid with 13 layers; there is also the eye of the Kemetic God Heru (called Horus by the Greeks and Jesus by Christians) as the all-seeing eye for protection -accident?

In addition, the 13th amendment of the U.S. Constitution freed the slaves; this denotes that this amendment gave the slaves a "new life" as freedmen; when the United States achieved its independence, there were only 13 colonies - accident? This denotes that there was a "rebirth" in this former colony of Britain.

In terms of symbols, the colours red, white and blue of the US flag that symbolizes the American sign of global power and control are derived from the original ancient Kemetic/Egyptian Red Crown of the South, White Crown of the North and the Blue Crown of War that symbolized the Masonic system of governance, communal way of life and being as a result of the unification of Upper and Lower Kemet/Egypt by Pharaoh Menes in 3200 B.C.E., according to another timeline.

The ideas of "government of the people, by the people and for the people" also came out of this ancient system and not from the thought process of President Thomas Jefferson. These original ideas/ideals came out of the system of governance and decision-making called Afrikan Communalism in ancient Kemet. The Greeks who were studying at the Temple of Waset at that time in the B.C. era, renamed this system "Demos" from which is derived the modern A.D. concept of Democracy.

By Dr.Kwame Nantambu, March 09, 2007