Lake Mega-Chad, Sahara, Africa, Herodotus, Igbo, Ikom Monoliths

Lake Mega-Chad and the Rise of Egypt and the Maa Civilization
You can not support a Northeast African origin for contemporary Negro-Egyptian speakers. A complete literature review of the history of the climatic conditions in the Sahara and Northeast Africa over the past 20ky indicates that the Negro-Egyptian speakers originated in the Sahara.

Lake Mega-Chad

You have not fully understood N. Drake’s work on the geography of Africa. As a result, you have failed to recognize that there were varying periods of “arid Sahara” and “Green Sahara”.

As outlined elsewhere there were two different African populations before the origination of Negro-Egyptian speakers: the Khoisan and the Pgymies. The Khoisan expanded out of Africa 40+kya, while the Pgymies probably began to exit Africa 22kya.

The Negro-Egyptian speakers probably originated in the Chad Basin near the MegaChad Lake. During the Holocene a giant lake, known as Lake Mega-Chad (LMC), extended over more than 350,000 km2 in southern Sahara.

8,000 Years old Dufuna Boat

NOTE: In fact, many Greek philosophers including the father of European history, whom we will literarily refer to as Herodotus, attested to the fact that ancient Africa Possesses an Inland Sea.

These assertions by Herodotus and others were quickly dismissed until modern scientific method via satellite proves otherwise. Now it is generally accepted that a lake Megan-Chad once existed in ancient Ethiopia, and not Africa as we call her today.  Ancient Africa was divided into four parts; Ethiopia Proper, Ethiopia Inner, Ethiopia, Egyptos, and the Atlantic Ocean used to be called Sea of Ethiopia. In the eyewitness account attributed to Herodotus, he simply mistook Lake Mega-Chad for an Inland Sea. A very simple but honest mistake on his part and others.

The Dufuna Boat, the second oldest boat in the world, 6000 BCE, was uncovered in 1994, in the Town of Dufuna North-Eastern Nigeria bordering modern day Chad. During the time of Lake Mega-Chad, modern-day Chad would have been completely buried under Lake Mega-Chad. Since the

A Map Depicting Ancient Nigerian Civilisations in Which Nok was  referred to as MA-GAN

Dufuna canoe was discovered by a local Fulani herdsman in 1987, and the canoe which was excavated by a combined team of Nigerian and German archeologists in 1994 at Dufuna. It has changed the course of history for those who knew about it. Dufuna is a village along the Komodugu Gana river in Fune local government area of Yobe State, Nigeria.

The boat was dug out from a depth of five meters beneath the earth's surface and measured 8.4 meters in length, 0.5 meters wide and about 5 cm thick varying at certain parts of the surface. The age of the boat has been put at about 8000 - 8500 years old (6000 - 6500 B.C.E.), thus, becoming the oldest boat in Africa and second oldest on earth. It predates the Egyptian Solar Boat by over 2000 years.

13,000 years old Iwo-eleru Skulls, incorporating pre-historic and ancients skulls

The canoe belongs to the Late Stone Age period (Neolithic Age), when humans ceased to roam the face of the earth hunting to become herdsmen and cultivators and in the process becoming modifiers of their environment, with complex social structures, in response to new problems and ways of dealing with situations. But more importantly, "the canoe has shown that people in the Niger area had a history of advanced technology and that they had mastered the three major items of Neolithic culture which included the fashioning, standardization, and utilization of tools according to set traditions.

"It gives concrete evidence of transportation by seas as well as providing evidence of some form of long-distance commercial activities indicative of existing political and economic structures."

Nok or MA-GAN Statues

Lake Chad is the remnant of a former inland sea, palaeolake Mega-Chad. At its largest, sometime before 5,000 BC, Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan palaeolakes and is estimated to have covered an area of 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi), larger than the Caspian Sea is today. It was near these sites that the Aqualithic and Ounanian cultures existed.

The Chad Basin covers an area of approximately 2,434,000 square kilometers, equivalent to 8% of the total area of the African continent. The Chad Basin is surrounded by high mountain ranges which rise up to the highland of the North Equatorial Plateau.

The Negro-Egyptian speakers lived in the plains and mountains around the Lake. During the LGM there were many settlements in the Chad Basin and Highland regions of the Sahara. On the plains, they founded the Maa civilization. The Maa civilization may have originated in the Bodélé Depression. The Bodélé is the deepest part of the basin. It was around 155 meters above sea level. Between 4,410 and 5,280 BP, the lake Mega-Chad started to contract.

The oldest archaeological sites found after the desiccation of Lake Megachad date to about 4,000 BP. This corresponds to the migration of Maa people into Upper Egypt, as illustrated by the rise of Amma/Ammon/Ammun worshipers in Egypt.

Plate     6AA

While Saharan Africa was well watered during the rise of the Aqualithic and Ounanian cultures was well watered Northeast Africa was not. Ethiopian Plateau was arid between 17,000-10,000 years ago. This is why we see the rise of the Aqualithic and Ounanian cultures---the homelands of the Negro-Egyptian speakers in the Sahara--- not Northeast Africa.

The Toumai man of Chad and the Ugwuele man of Nigeria - both border nations - make a final case for a West, rather an East African origin of Mankind. A Nigerian location of Eden implies a Nigerian location of Sumer and vice versa.

Plate       6BB

As if these are not shocking enough, we find that a sizable number of ancient inscribed Stone monoliths discovered in 1970 in the virgin forests, villages and under the ground in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria (in Cross River and Akwa Ibom States) bear the faces of apes (plate 6aa above)!

Plate 6aa (above): Ikom monoliths, Cross River State, Nigeria. Were these ape-men in the self-portraits, the authors of the monoliths that bear their images? Plate 6bb (right):

Igbo Ukwu – Serpent bearing an EGG or a SEED in its mouth is in consonance with the claim by the Kings of Sumer that their Land is “Edin Land”, for it can only be an allusion to the Serpent of the Garden of Eden who gave Eve the SEED she ate to bring about the birth of humans (Homo Sapiens).

This seal in Igbo Ukwu simply implies that the Agade civilization was an offshoot of Adamites of Eden, with the cooperation of the Adite Ape-men of plate 6aa.

The Egyptian Book of the Dead claims that Ape-men called Khemennu were the Primeval Ancestors of Humanity as well as the Scribes of the Duat in Heliopolis, and that their symbolic number was eight.  The eight-pointed star is the symbol of their Khemennu city or Khammasi city (in Sumerian). Nigerian monoliths actually bear the eight-pointed star of the Khammasi/Khemennu gods of Sumer and Egypt.

The Khemennu scribes of Ikom – who needless to say - are the same Khemmenu Primeval Ancestors of Sumer and Egypt actually share this symbol with Nze na Ozo god-men and Initiates of Igbo land (see plate 8, beneath)! Plate 7 (below): The Khemennu eight-pointed star symbol on the Ikom monoliths confirm them as Khemennu scribes of the Duat.  Plate 8 (beneath):

Plate        7

The eight-pointed Star symbol of the Sumerian Khamazi (Egyptian Khamesh)city of Priests, City of the god Thoth and his ape-men scribes!

What this suggests is that the Ape men authors of the monoliths were intelligent beings. Perhaps humanity may need to search into the actual family of apes for its real ancestors!

This opinion, though seemingly outlandish, is borne out of the fact that several cases of recorded oral traditions of internal migrations of various Nigerian peoples into the Lower Niger Delta claim that migrants encountered intelligent ape-men aboriginal residents with tails, who traded with, or resisted the advance of the migrants.

As unscientific as this may sound, the tails indicate that Homo Erectus was more ape than man! Yet he was intelligent enough to write on a rock, as recorded in the Nigerian monoliths and in the famous Hindu Ramayan epic, where the ape Hanuman is depicted as an intelligent ape-man who could write verses on stone – a Sumerian/Nigerian story never-the-less!

Hanuman was probably the Egyptian god Thoth, the leader of the Primeval Ancestors of The Book of the Dead - the Khemennu ape-men of Sumer in Eden.

Plate          8

We Call on the British Museum Authorities.

For over three years, we have been studying the pottery and bronze inscriptions on the hundreds of artifacts and potsherds excavated by Thurstan Shaw at Igbo Ukwu.

Has demonstrated that they are mostly letters found in orthographies of almost every ancient Middle Eastern civilization.

The direction of borrowing is more than obvious. The result of this study is carefully catalogued in our latest publication in the series.

The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam – Unearthing Heliopolis – The Celestial City of the Gods of Egypt and India (2010).

Plates 5aa, below: Ancient Igbo Step-pyramids (Sumerians called them Ziggurats) in Nsude, Udi, Enugu State, Igbo, Nigeria.

They were photographed by British anthropologist G. I. Jones before they were razed into a sand heap by British colonists and missionaries (!930s). Published Online in G.I. Jones Photo-Archives and in Catherine Acholonu, The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam (2010).

Plate      5AA

The Igbo tradition of building step-pyramids of graves of kings and heroes of renown died with the coming of Christianity. rats) in Nsude, Udi, Enugu State, Igbo, Nigeria. 

They were photographed by British anthropologist G. I. Jones before they were razed into a sand heap by British colonists and missionaries (!930s). Published Online in G.I. Jones Photo-Archives and in Catherine Acholonu, The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam (2010).

The Igbo tradition of building step-pyramids of graves of kings and heroes of renown died with the coming of Christianity and Colonist. And they left tears, sorrow and blood, their regular trademark, including demolishing the only evidence of step pyramids South of the Sahara desert.

The cache of goods excavated in Igbo Ukwu would fill two museums. A few of the artifacts are located in Nigerian museums, but the bulk of them are hidden away in the British Museum and Nigerians are not allowed to access them.

NOTE: All bronze and copper artifacts listed here are courtesy of Thurstan Shaw as published in various texts by himself and by the National Commission for Museums and monuments, as well as in Catherine Acholonu et. al. They Lived Before Adam, Abuja, 2009; The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam, Abuja (2010). Catherine Acholonu.

End of part 9 of 10. Next blog 18/03/19. Were the remains of the body buried under one of the Nsude pyramids, which have been sitting in the British Museum for over 85 years gathering dust, that of Sargon the Great?

Sumerians, Adam, Igbo, Dravidian, African, Niger-Congo, Mande

Eden of the Sumerians
All Sumerian kings and emperors bore the proud title “King …Emperor of Eden (Edin) Land”. Their oldest creation stories are the same creation stories in Biblical Genesis, except that Sumerians preserved all the practical, astronomical and scientific details that are lacking in Genesis, as well as the names and identities of the Gods of Eden: the coming of the Biblical Nephilim, the genetic manipulation (creation) of Homo Erectus to bring about Homo Sapiens (Adam).

Plate       10

In the past two decades, Science has proved the Sumerians right in every detail through Genetics, Linguistics, Paleontology, and Archaeology.

The Human Genome Project has proved that Adam was an offshoot of a Pre-Adam human ancestor dwelling in the Nigeria-Cameroon area of West Africa (see Plate 10 above). Before 300,000 B.C. Plate, 10 - Recent Mapping of the Human Genome Project result released online by National Geographic shows Nigeria and Chad as the origin of Human Kind (See Google Maps).

This corroborates our thesis illustrated in They Lived Before Adam (2009) where we demonstrated with paleontological and archaeological evidence that 7 million years old Toumai man of Chad – ancestor of Homo Erectus - known scientifically as Sahelanthropus tchadensis – a relative of the Ape-man - who was discovered in 2002 by French Professor Michel Brunet, was the direct ancestor Ugwuele man who lived in Igbo land before 500,000 B.C. all the way to the Late Stone Age (see plate 9bb, beneath).

Plate         9AA

Plate 9aa (above)  Seal of Pharaoh Khamasesshi with Sumerian/Igbo/Egyptian semiology script.  Plate 9 bb (below): Early Stone Age (before 500,000 BC – the rough stones), Middle Stone Age and Late Stone Age (300,000 – 100,000 BC – the very smooth and less smooth) stone implements recovered from the Ugwuele caves of Early Men in Abia State, Igbo land, Nigeria 1970, lodged at the University of Nigeria Archaeology Museum (photo by Catherine Acholonu).

Argument Against The Assertions That The Igbo Tribes Evolved Into Homo-Sapiens Independent of Other Races In Africa Or Elsewhere: The Khoikhoi ("people people" or "real people") or Khoi are a division of the Khoisan ethnic group of south-western Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (San). They have lived in this area for about 30,000 years. Khoikhoi is sometimes spelled KhoeKhoe.
The ancestors of the Dravidians spoke a Niger-Congo language.

Plate        9BB

B.B. Lal ("The Only Asian expedition in threatened Nubia: Work by an Indian Mission at Afyeh and Tumas", The Illustrated London Times, 20 April 1963) and Indian Egyptologist has shown conclusively that the Dravidians originated in the Saharan area 5000 years ago.

He claims they came from Kush, in the Fertile African Crescent and were related to the C-Group people who founded the Kerma dynasty in the 3rd millennium B.C. (Lal 1963)

The Dravidians used common black-and-red pottery, which spread from Nubia, through modern Ethiopia, Arabia, Iran into India as a result of the Proto-Saharan dispersal.

B.B. Lal (1963) a leading Indian archaeologist in India has observed that the black and red ware (BRW) dating to the Kerma dynasty of Nubia, is related to the Dravidian megalithic pottery. Singh (1982) believes that this pottery radiated from Nubia to India. This pottery along with wavy-line pottery is associated with the Saharo-Sudanese pottery tradition of ancient Africa.

Aravaanan (1980) has written extensively on African and Dravidian relations. He has illustrated that the Africans and Dravidian share many physical similarities including the dolichocephalic indexes (Aravaanan 1980,pp.62-263; Race and History.com,2006), platyrrhine nasal index (Aravaanan 1980,pp.25-27), stature (31-32) and blood type (Aravaanan 1980,34-35; RaceandHistory.com,2006). Aravaanan (1980,p.40) also presented much evidence for analogous African and Dravidian cultural features including the chipping of incisor teeth and the use of the lost wax process to make bronze works of arts (Aravaanan 1980,p.41).

Dravidian Girl

There are also similarities between the Dravidian and African religions. For example, both groups held a common interest in the cult of the Serpent and believed in a Supreme God, who lived in a place of peace and tranquility ( Thundy, p.87; J.T. Cornelius, "Are Dravidians Dynastic Egyptians", Trans. of the Archaeological Society of South India 1951-1957, pp.90-117; and U.P. Upadhyaya, "Dravidian and Negro-African", International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 5, no.1).

There are also affinities between the names of many gods including Amun/Amma and Murugan. Murugan the Dravidian god of the mountains parallels a common god in East Africa worshipped by 25 ethnic groups called Murungu, the God who resides in the mountains. There is physical evidence which suggests an African origin for the Dravidians.

The Dravidians live in South India. The Dravidian ethnic group includes the Tamil, Kurukh, Malayalam, Kananda (Kanarese), Tulu, Telugu and etc. Some researchers due to the genetic relationship between the Dravidians and Niger-Congo speaking groups they call the Indians the Sudroid (Indo-African) Race (RaceandHistory,2006).

Dravidian languages are predominately spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka. There are around 125 million Dravidian speakers. These languages are genetically related to African languages. The Dravidians are remnants of the ancient Black population who occupied most of ancient Asia and Europe.

A Dravidian young girl

The major grain exploited by Saharan populations was rice, the yam, and Pennisetum. McIntosh and McIntosh (1988) have shown that the principal domesticate in the southern Sahara was bulrush millet.

There has been considerable debate concerning the transport of African millets to India. Weber (1998) believes that African millets may have come to India by way of Arabia. Wigboldus (1996) on the other hand argues that African millets may have arrived from Africa via the Indian Ocean in Harappan times.

Both of these theories involve the transport of African millets from a country bordering on the Indian Ocean. Yet, Weber (1998) and Wigboldus (1996) were surprised to discover that African millets and bicolor sorghum, did not reach many East African countries until millennia after they had been exploited as a major subsistence crop at Harappan and Gujarat sites.

This failure to correlate the archaeological evidence of African millets in countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and the antiquity of African millets in India suggest that African millets such as Pennisetum and Sorghum must have come to India from another part of Africa.

Modern-day San Bushman

To test this hypothesis we will compare Dravidian and African terms for millet. Winters (1985) has suggested that the Proto-Dravidians formerly lived in the Sahara.

This is an interesting theory because it is in the Sahara that the earliest archaeological Pennisetum has been found.

Millet impressions have been found on Mande ceramics from both Karkarchinkat in the Tilemsi Valley of Mali, and Dar Tichitt in Mauritania between 4000 and 3000 BP. (McIntosh & McIntosh 1983a,1988; Winters 1986b; Andah 1981) Given the archaeological evidence for millets in the Sahara, leads to the corollary theory that if the Dravidians originated in Africa, they would share analogous terms for millet with African groups that formerly lived in the Sahara.

The linguistic and anthropological data make it clear that the Dravidian speaking people were part of the C-Group people who formed the backbone of the Niger-Congo speakers. It indicates that the Dravidians took their red-and-black pottery with them from Africa to India, and the cultivation of millet.

The evidence makes it clear that the genetic evidence indicating a Holocene migration to India for the Dravidian speaking people is wrong. The Dravidian people given the evidence for the first cultivation of millet and red-and-black pottery is firmly dated and put these cultural elements in the Neolithic. The evidence makes it clear that genetic evidence cannot be used to effectively document historic population movements. There is mtDNA data uniting Africans and Dravidians.

Mande Terracotta Sculpture

Linguistic Evidence: 1.1 Many scholars have recognized the linguistic unity of Black African (BA) and Dravidian (Dr.) languages.

These affinities are found not only in the modern African languages but also that of ancient Egypt. These scholars have made it clear that lexical, morphological and phonetic unity exists between African languages in West and North Africa as well as the Bantu group.

1.2 K.P. Arvaanan (1976) has noted that there are ten common elements shared by BA languages and the Dr. group. They are (1) simple set of five basic vowels with short-long consonants;(2) vowel harmony; (3) absence of initial clusters of consonants; (4) abundance of geminated consonants; (5) distinction of inclusive and exclusive pronouns in first person plural; (6) absence of degrees of comparison for adjectives and adverbs as distinct morphological categories; (7) consonant alternation on nominal increments noticed by different classes; (8)distinction of completed action among verbal paradigms as against specific tense distinction;(9) two separate sets of paradigms for declarative and negative forms of verbs; and (l0) use of reduplication for emphasis.

1.3 There has been a long development in the recognition of the linguistic unity of African and Dravidian languages. The first scholar to document this fact was the French linguist L. Homburger (1950,1951,1957,1964). Prof.

Indus Valley Symbols

Homburger who is best known for her research into African languages was convinced that the Dravidian languages explained the morphology of the Senegalese group particularly the Serere, Fulani group. She was also convinced that the kinship existed between Kannanda and the Bantu languages, and Telugu and the Mande group. Dr. L. Homburger is credited with the discovery for the first time of phonetic, morphological and lexical parallels between Bantu and Dravidians

1.6 By the 1970's numerous scholars had moved their investigation into links between Dr. and BA languages on into the Senegambia region. Such scholars as Cheikh T. N'Diaye (1972) a Senegalese linguist and U.P. Upadhyaya (1973) of India have proved conclusively Dr. Homburger's theory of unity between the Dravidian and the Senegalese languages.

1.7 C.T. N'Diaye, who studied Tamil in India, has identified nearly 500 cognates of Dravidian and the Senegalese languages. Upadhyaya (1973) after fieldwork in Senegal discovered around 509 Dravidian and Senegambian words that show full or slight correspondence.

1.8 As a result of the linguistic evidence the Congolese linguist Th. Obenga suggested that there was an Indo-African group of related languages. To prove this point we will discuss the numerous examples of phonetic, morphological and lexical parallels between the Dravidian group: Tamil (Ta.), Malayalam (Mal.), Kannanda/Kanarese (Ka.), Tulu (Tu.), Kui-Gondi, Telugu (Tel.) and Brahui; and Black African languages: Manding (Man.),Egyptian (E.), and Senegalese (Sn.)

Translation from English, Dravidian, Senegalese and Mading to Yoruba and Igbo by S A Akinyemi

6.1 Dravidian and Senegalese. Cheikh T. N'Diaye (1972) and U.P. Upadhyaya (1976) have firmly established the linguistic unity of the Dravidian and Senegalese languages. They present grammatical, morphological, phonetic and lexical parallels to prove their point.

6.2 In the Dravidian and Senegalese languages there is a tendency for the appearance of open syllables and the avoidance of non-identical consonant clusters. An accent is usually found on the initial syllable of a word in both these groups. Upadhyaya (1976) has recognized that there are many medial geminated consonants in Dravidian and Senegalese. Due to their preference for open syllables final consonants are rare in these languages.

6.3 There are numerous parallel participle and abstract noun suffixes in Dravidian and Senegalese. For example, the past participle in Fulani (F) -o, and oowo the agent formative, corresponds to Dravidian -a, -aya, e.g., F. windudo 'written', windoowo 'writer'.

Translation from English, Dravidian and Senegalese  to Yoruba and Igbo by S A Akinyemi

6.4 The Wolof (W) -aay and Dyolo ay, abstract noun formative corresponds to Dravidian ay, W. baax 'good', baaxaay 'goodness'; Dr. apala 'friend', bapalay 'friendship'; Dr. hiri 'big', hirime 'greatness', and nal 'good', nanmay 'goodness'.

6.5 There is also analogy in the Wolof abstract noun formative suffix -it, -itt, and Dravidian ita, ta, e.g., W. dog 'to cut', dogit 'sharpness'; Dr. hari 'to cut', hanita 'sharp-ness'.

6.6 The Dravidian and Senegalese languages use reduplication of the bases to emphasize or modify the sense of the word, e.g., D. fan 'more', fanfan 'very much'; Dr. beega 'quick', beega 'very quick'.

Above we provided linguistic examples from many different African Supersets (Families) including the Mande and Niger-Congo groups to prove the analogy between Dravidian and Black African languages.

Goddess Ashoka the Great Indus Valley

The evidence is clear that the Dravidian and Black African languages should be classed in a family called Indo-African as suggested by Th. Obenga.

This data further supports the archaeological evidence accumulated by Dr. B.B Lal (1963) which proved that the Dravidians originated in the Fertile African Crescent.

Agricultural Evidence: One of the principal groups to use millet in Africa are the Northern Mande speaking people (Winters, 1986).

The Northern Mande speakers are divided into the Soninke and Malinke-Bambara groups.

Holl (1985,1989) believes that the founders of the Dhar Tichitt site where millet was cultivated in the 2nd Millenium B.C., were northern Mande speakers.

To test this theory we will compare Dravidian and Black African agricultural terms, especially Northern Mande. The linguistic evidence suggests that the Proto-Dravidians belonged to an ancient sedentary culture which existed in Saharan Africa. We will call the ancestor of this group Paleo-Dravido-Africans. End of Alternative but parallel point of views to that of Professor Achonolu.

The idea is to present our followers with other but also credible researches parallel to Prof. Achonolu's as well as broadening your knowledge about other reliable but different assertions. End of part 8 of 10. Next blog on 13/03/19. We will be talking directly to our ancestors by translating the symbols they left behind on their objects, tombstones, shrines and occultist artifacts.

MA-GAN Rhythms

Eden, Magan, Nok, Sumerian, Symbols

In fact, Thurstan Shaw noted repeatedly that many of the artifacts look Indian in style. One such seal is the elephant-head seal of Narmer, the grandson of Sargon the Great (plate 2aa, bb).

Plate     2AA

It also bears the quadrangle emblem of Sargon. Plate 2aa: (left, Igbo Ukwu) Ornate Elephant heads with SHAR symbols of Sargon (cf. Plate 1bb).

Plate 2bb (below, from Indus Valley Harappan civilization ‘The wild Bull’ Emperor has two elephants, symbol of Sargon’s son Narmer (Menes), the Sumerian Fish symbol (QA/KWA) is the generic name for the Southern Nigerian Tribes.

Notice the Sumerian stylized X letters (beneath, compare with plate 4aa) meaning GAN – ‘Garden of Eden’, according to Waddell, implying that this emperor is from the GAN lineage in Eden.

Plate 11bb: NOK artifacts from Plateau State in Middle Belt Nigeria. The eyes are obviously symbolizing the crescent moon hugging the sun-disc (“EDEN”).

The upward-slanting stripe above the eye (left) is the Sumerian Ogam letter M. Added to the crescent/sun-disc, both create the word MA-GAN.

Magan was a famous Sumerian ancient city always mentioned along with Egypt in Sumerian texts, but whose real identity has never been ascertained. From the famous NOK slanting eyes with a holed pupil, we know that MAGAN was Nigeria. Plate 11bb (further below): The cross-hatching hairstyle is the Sumerian pictographs for the word SI/SIG, which could mean ‘Official”.

The remarkable civilisation of the Nok was first discovered in 1928 when a wealth of unique terracotta artefacts was unearthed by tin miners in the southern part of Kaduna state in central Nigeria. Since then, extensive archaeological excavations and research into the Nok have revealed that they may have been the first complex civilisation in West Africa, existing from at least 900 BC until their mysterious disappearance in around 200 AD.

Plate       2BB

Nok Metal and Stone Tools: The Nok people were an extremely advanced society, with one of the most complex judicial systems of the time, and the earliest producers of life-sized terracotta in the Sub-Sahara. Archaeologists have also found stone tools, rock paintings, and iron implements, including fearsome spear points, bracelets, and small knives.

But by far the most enigmatic and intriguing aspect of the Nok Culture were their Terracotta statues, described by the mémoire d'afrique, which houses a gallery of the statues, as “extraordinary, astonishing, ageless, timeless and almost extraterrestrial?”.

The figures, which date back to at least 500 BC, are almost always people with large, mostly elongated heads with almond-shaped hollow looking eyes are parted lips.

These unusual features are particularly perplexing considering that the statues have been constructed accurately with relative proportions of the head, body, and feet, leading some to use the term ‘extraterrestrial-looking’ when describing them.

Microscopic inspection of the clay used in the terracotta shows it to be remarkably uniform over the whole Nok area, suggesting that the clay came from a single, yet-undiscovered source.

Plate      4AA

Plate 4aa (left): The Sumerian X pictograph is the third symbol for GAN (“EDEN”).

It appears to be the origin of the Swastika, in its Harappan rendering above the older Sumerian original (below). 4bb (below):

Native Igbo commonest shrine symbol of the Earth Goddess is an obvious indication of the Nigerian location of Eden. This is known in esoteric quarters as the Tetragram of Solomon and Moses!

Nok Terracotta statues, between 200 AD and 500 BCE. Not much is known about the purposes of these peculiar sculptures but some theories have suggested they were used as charms to prevent crop failure, illness, and infertility, while others have suggested that they represent high-status individuals who were worshipped by the people. However, the construction of life-sized statues isn’t the only evidence of the advancement of their society.

Research has revealed that the Nok people had a highly developed system of administration to ensure law and order. Judicial System, court, Priest, Chief: It is a known fact that the Nok’s judicial system pre-dates the western judicial system.

Pate      4BB

The Nok people created classes of courts used for adjudicating cases from minor civil cases, such as family disputes and false allegations, to criminal cases such as stealing, murder, and adultery.

The people believed that every crime attracts a curse which was capable of destroying the whole family and therefore must be uncovered to avoid the consequences.

The suspect was brought before an open court for traditional oath-taking, which involved standing between two monoliths facing the sun, the most supreme god called Nom.

The suspect then swore to tell the truth. Cases that cannot be resolved in the open court are taken to the high court which sits within an enclosed shrine.

The court was presided over by the Chief Priest and various clan heads. Anyone found guilty was fined goats and chicken for sacrifice to the gods and local wine for the chief priest. The town would then declare a day of celebration on which the people would thank the gods for their graces in successfully resolving the issue and averting doom for the people.

Plate    11BB

A sharp drop in the volume of pottery and terracotta in soil layers suggests that the once-thriving Nok population declined fairly rapidly and no evidence can be found of their existence after 200 AD, nor has any evidence been found which suggests a reason for their disappearance.

Some have suggested that over-exploitation of natural resources and a heavy reliance on charcoal may have played a role, while others have said it could have been any number of different possibilities including climate change, a pandemic, invasion, epidemic or famine.

The Nok civilisation left a remarkable cultural legacy for the people that followed after them, but there are still many unanswered questions about the Nok, from why they disappeared to the true purpose and nature of the unique and mysterious terracotta statues.

In this region of Chad, the recent "bovidien" an epoque during which iron was affirmed to have been in use, is considered to be from the 1st millennium B.C. Yet, P. Huard notes that "in the recent bovidien of Ennedi, in the style of Fada, which we consider to have occurred before iron working, gave the Bailloud core grid spears."

On the other hand, the Nubian group C (to whom the depiction of the spear-man accompanied by his herd of cattle in the north-east portion of Ennedi belongs) started, according to Arkell, at the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. (between -2300 and -2150).

Plate    3AA

From the famous NOK slanting eyes with a holed pupil, we know that MAGAN was Nigeria. Plate 11bb (above:

The cross-hatching hairstyle is the Sumerian pictographs for the word SI/SIG, which could mean ‘Official”.

All Sumerian emperors bore the title “King of Eden (Edin) Land”.

Their symbols for Eden are: A Crescent Moon hugging a Sun disc (right, plate 3aa and below, 6a), and an X with two opposite ends joined (further above plate 4aa).

This latter symbol is the commonest earth-goddess symbol in Igbo land (plate 4b).   According to Sumerian texts, these two symbols also have the meaning of “rising and setting sun”. Sargon’s father claims to have conquered the “land of the Rising and the Setting Sun and his great grand-son king Gani-Eri was recorded to have ruled a Sun Temple.

Archaeologists of the University of Nigeria have been conducting research in Pre-Historic iron smelting sites in Enugu State for two decades. Smelting materials from one of the sites recently returned a date of 2,000 B.C., which is so far, the oldest date for iron smelting in the world and coincides with the demise of the Sumerian civilization.

Plate      6A

This particular iron smelting site houses a Pre-historic monument of a ‘Temple of the Sun’ created with hundreds of huge iron slag piled into the shape of a crescent Moon hugging a Sun-disc (right, plate 6a, compare with 3aa above)!

The native priests who worship at the ancient shrine claim that the disc (mound) in the center of the crescent moon symbol is covering a hole leading into a bottomless pit!

The Egyptian Book of the Dead records that the Duat where the Pharaohs go for the Afterlife is an underground construction located in Heliopolis (‘City of the Sun’) in Eden, and that it has an opening into the earth called An/Anu (Biblical On), meaning “Hole”. The Igbo word for ‘Hole’ is Onu.

We have demonstrated in a recent write-up published in the “Migration and Diffusion” website by Christine Pellech that all landmarks associated with the Duat of Heliopolis in Egyptian texts are found in and around this prehistoric shrine of the metal people of Enugu State. And our conclusion based on hardcore evidence is that the Enugu ‘Temple of the Sun’ located in Lejja, Nsukka is the Egyptian Sun Temple of the lost Eden city of Heliopolis. It actually has an opening into a bottomless pit (plate 6a).

MA-GAN or M-GAN Translated

Sumerian Step Pyramids (Ziggurats) in Enugu State: Sumerians taught the world to build pyramids. Their step-pyramids were called ziggurats. Ancient Igbos built Ziggurats and buried their heroic god-men in them. The last Ziggurats of Enugu State were destroyed by the British colonialists and missionaries in the nineteen forties.

An image of the last ancient Sumerian ziggurat of ancient Igbo land photographed by British anthropologist .G. I. Jones in 1932 in Udi county, Enugu state.

Nok Sculptures

This is the tip of the iceberg. We have authored three major publications since we began this research in 1990 – The Gram Code of African Adam, They Lived Before Adam and The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam. One of our books on the subject.

They Lived Before Adam – won the International Book Awards in 2009, and featured on C-Span Book TV, New York and on Harlem Book Fair with an award (in the latter)and special recognition. The second principle called 'correspondence', of the eight principles of natural law, stated: as below so above, as above so below. This Principle embodies the truth that there is always a Correspondence between the laws and phenomena of the various planes of Being and Life. The old Hermetic axiom ran in these words: “As above, so below; as below, so above.” And the grasping of this Principle gives one the means of solving many a dark paradox, and hidden secret of Nature.

There are planes beyond our knowing, but when we apply the Principle of Correspondence to them we are able to understand much that would otherwise be unknowable to us. This Principle is of universal application and manifestation, on the various planes of the material, mental, and spiritual universe—it is a Universal Law. End of part 7 of 10. Next blog on 08/03/19.