Emerald Tablets, Thoth The Atlantean, Tablet I, Khem, Amenti

Halls of Amenti, Illustration of the passages via The 8 Seat Chakras

THE EMERALD TABLET OF THOTH TABLET I
I, THOTH, the Atlantean, master of mysteries, keeper of records, mighty king, magician, living from generation to generation, being about to pass into the halls of Amenti, set down for the guidance of those that are to come after, these records of the mighty wisdom of Great Atlantis. In the great city of KEOR on the island of UNDAL, in a time far past, I began this incarnation. Not as the little men of the present age did the mighty ones of Atlantis live and die, but rather from eon to eon did they renew their life in the Halls of Amenti where the river of life flows eternally onward.

A hundred times ten have I descended the dark way that led into light, and as many times have I ascended from the darkness into the light my strength and power renewed. Now for a time, I descend, and the men of KHEM shall know me no more. But in a time yet unborn will I rise again, mighty and potent, requiring an accounting of those left behind me.

Halls of Amenti, Illustration of the passages. The Halls of Amenti is between the highest and lowest dimensions, thereby distorting the only Truth

Then beware, O men of KHEM, if ye have falsely betrayed my teaching, for I shall cast ye down from your high estate into the darkness of the caves from whence ye came. Betray not my secrets
to the men of the North or the men of the South lest my curse falls upon ye. Remember and heed my words, for surely will I return again and require of thee that which ye guard. Aye, even from beyond time and from beyond death will I return, rewarding or punishing as ye have requited your trust.

Great were my people in the ancient days, great beyond the conception of the little people now around me; knowing the wisdom of old, seeking far within the heart of infinity knowledge that belonged to Earth's youth. Wise were we with the wisdom of the Children of Light who dwelt among us. Strong were we with the power drawn from the eternal fire.

And of all these, greatest among the children of men was my father, THOTME, keeper of the great temple, the link between the Children of Light who dwelt within the temple and the races of men who inhabited the ten islands.

Halls of Amenti Illustrated Passages via Ifa Divination Disk Wormhole 

Mouthpiece, after the Three, of the Dweller of UNAL, speaking to the Kings with the voice that must be obeyed. Grew I there from a child into manhood, being taught by my father the elder mysteries, until in time there grew within the fire of wisdom, until it burst into a consuming flame.

Naught desired I but the attainment of wisdom. Until on a great day, the command came from the Dweller of the Temple that I am brought before him. Few there were among the children of men who had looked upon that mighty face and lived, for not as the sons of men are the Children of Light when they are not incarnate in a physical body. Chosen was I from the sons of men, taught by the Dweller so that his purposes might be fulfilled, purposes yet unborn in the womb of time. Long ages I dwelt in the Temple, learning ever and yet ever more wisdom, until I, too, approached the light emitted from the great fire. Taught me he, the path to Amenti, the underworld where the great king sits upon his throne of might. Deep I bowed in homage before the Lords of Life and the Lords of Death, receiving as my gift the Key of Life.

Free was I of the Halls of Amenti, bound not by death to the circle of life. Far to the stars, I journeyed until space and time became as naught. Then having drunk deep of the cup of wisdom, I looked into the hearts of men and there found I greater mysteries and was glad. For only in the Search for Truth could my Soul be stilled and the flame within be quenched.

Down through the ages, I lived, seeing those around me taste of the cup of death and return again in the light of life. Gradually from the Kingdoms of Atlantis passed waves of consciousness that had been one with me, only to be replaced by spawn of a lower star.

Halls of Amenti Passages Illustrated via the 8 Natural Lores

In obedience to the law, the word of the Master grew into flower. Downward into the darkness turned the thoughts of the Atlanteans, Until at last in this wrath arose from his AGWANTI, the Dweller, (this word has no English equivalent; it means a state of detachment) speaking The Word, calling the power. Deep in Earth's heart, the sons of Amenti heard, and hearing, directing the changing of the flower of fire that burns eternally, changing and shifting, using the LOGOS, until that great fire changed its direction.

Over the world then broke the great waters, drowning and sinking, changing Earth's balance until only the Temple of Light was left standing on the great mountain on UNDAL still rising out of the water; some there were who were living, saved from the rush of the fountains. Called to me then the Master, saying: Gather ye together my people. Take them by the arts ye have learned of far across the waters until ye reach the land of the hairy barbarians, dwelling in caves of the desert.

Follow there the plan that ye know of. Gathered I then my people and entered the great ship of the Master. Upward we rose into the morning. Dark beneath us lays the Temple. Suddenly over it rose the waters. Vanished from Earth, until the time appointed, was the great Temple. Fast we fled toward the sun of the morning, until beneath us lay the land of the children of KHEM.

Thoth

Raging, they came with cudgels and spears, lifted in anger seeking to slay and utterly destroy the Sons of Atlantis. Then raised I my staff and directed a ray of vibration, striking them still in their tracks as fragments of stone of the mountain. Then spoke I to them in words calm and peaceful, telling them of the might of Atlantis, saying we were children of the Sun and its messengers.

Cowed I them by my display of magic-science, until at my feet they groveled, when I released them. Long dwelt we in the land of KHEM, long and yet long again. Until obeying the commands of the Master, who while sleeping yet lives eternally, I sent from me the Sons of Atlantis, sent them in many directions, that from the womb of time wisdom might rise again in her children. Longtime dwelt I in the land of KHEM, doing great works by the wisdom within me.

Upward grew into the light of knowledge the children of KHEM, watered by the rains of my wisdom. Blasted I then a path to Amenti so that I might retain my powers, living from age to age a Sun of Atlantis, keeping the wisdom, preserving the records.

Great grew the sons of KHEM, conquering the people around them, growing slowly upwards in Soul force. Now for a time, I go from among them into the dark halls of Amenti, deep in the halls of the Earth, before the Lords of the powers, face to face once again with the Dweller.

Raised I high over the entrance, a doorway, a gateway leading down to Amenti. Few there would be with courage to dare it, few pass the portal to dark Amenti. Raised over the passage, I, a mighty pyramid, using the power that overcomes Earth force (gravity?). The deep and yet deeper place I a force-house or chamber; from it carved I a circular passage reaching almost to the great summit.

Sample Sarcophagus

There in the apex, set I the crystal, sending the ray into the "Time-Space," drawing the force from out of the ether, concentrating upon the gateway to Amenti. Other chambers I built and left vacant to all seeming, yet hidden within them are the keys to Amenti. He who in courage would dare the dark realms, let him be purified first by long fasting. Lie in the sarcophagus of stone in my chamber.

Then reveal I to him the great mysteries. Soon shall he follow to where I shall meet him, even in the darkness of Earth shall I meet him, I, Thoth, Lord of Wisdom, meet him and hold him and dwell with him always.

Built I the Great Pyramid, patterned after the pyramid of Earth force, burning eternally so that it, too, might remain through the ages. In it, I built my knowledge of "Magic-Science" so that I might be here when again I return from Amenti, Aye, while I sleep in the Halls of Amenti, my Soul roaming free will incarnate, dwell among men in this form or another. (Hermes, thrice-born.) Emissary on Earth is I of the Dweller, fulfilling his commands so many might be lifted. Now return I to the halls of Amenti, leaving behind me some of my wisdom. Preserve ye and keep ye the command of the Dweller:

Lift ever upwards your eyes toward the light. Surely in time, ye are one with the Master, surely by right ye are one with the Master, surely by right yet are one with the ALL. Now, I depart from ye. Know my commandments, keep them and be them, and I will be with you, helping and guiding you into the Light. Now before me opens the portal. Go I down in the darkness of night.

End of Part 2 of 10. The next blog 27/05/19. We will examine other civilisations existing during the time of Thoth, including how technically advance or backward they were. This will be between 100,000 and 10,000 BCE, in correlation with the Tablets.

Gnostic Bible, The 34 hidden letters and Messages in Bismillar Al-Rahman Al-Rahim, Islamic Mystical Literature: Initiation and Prophecies of Djehuiti, Thoth, or Hermes and Atum

Emerald Tablet, Alchemy, Helena Blavatsky, Fulcanelli, Isaac Newton

The Emerald Tablet is an ancient artifact that reveals a profound spiritual technology, which has
survived to this day despite centuries of effort to suppress it. Encoded within the tablet's mysterious wording, is a powerful formula that works in very specific and comprehensible steps on all levels of
reality at once -- the physical, the mental, and the spiritual -- and shows us how to achieve personal
transformation and even accelerate the evolution of our species.

Emerald Tablet

The source of alchemy and the Hermetic sciences, the tablet's universal approach made it forbidden
knowledge, condemned by patriarchal powers for thousands of years, from the Egyptian priesthood to the medieval Church, to our modern politicians and religious leaders.

To ensure the survival of such "dangerous" principles, which guide people to higher states of consciousness, the ancients concealed their knowledge in a succinct declaration that has become a time capsule of wisdom for future generations.

Molded out of a single piece of green crystal, the Emerald Tablet carries a prophetic message full of
hidden meaning. It is also made of many chemical compositions unbeknown to many human beings.

Although its true origin is lost in legends that go back over 10,000 years, the wondrous artifact was translated into Greek by Alexandrian scholars taught by Egyptians priests and actually put on display in Egypt in 330 BC. Around the year 400 AD, it was reportedly buried somewhere on the Giza plateau to protect it from religious zealots who were burning libraries around the world at that time. Many believe the tablet still lies hidden there. Working only with these early translations, many seekers of truth recognized in subsequent centuries that the Emerald Tablet contained a secret formula for transforming reality.

Many alchemical drawings such as this one called the Azoth of the Philosophers are really schematic diagrams of the steps and operations of this Emerald Formula. The alchemists used these diagrams like Eastern mandalas and meditated on them in their laboratories to achieve altered states of consciousness.

The unaccredited source of many of our mystical and religious traditions, the tablet also inspired over 3,500 years of alchemy, a period in which some of the most creative minds in the world delved into the intertwined mysteries of matter, energy, soul, and spirit. Most medieval alchemists had copies of the tablet hanging on their laboratory wall.

Azoth of the Philosophers

It was the only guidance they needed in both their meditation and practical work; it served as their Rosetta Stone for deciphering the deliberately obscured terminology of their art. The text:
1. It is true without untruth, certain and most true
2. That which is below is like that which is on high, and that which is on high is like that which is
below; by these things are made the miracles of one thing.
3. And as all things are, and come from One, by the mediation of One, So all things are born from
this unique thing by adaptation.
4. The Sun is the father and the Moon the mother.
5. The wind carries it in its stomach. The Earth is its nourisher and its receptacle.
6. The Father of all the Theleme of the universal world is here.
6. Its force, or power, remains entire
7. If it is converted into Earth
7a. You separate the Earth from the fire, the subtle from the gross, gently with great industry.
8. It climbs from the Earth and descends from the sky, and receives the force of things superior and
things inferior.
9) You will have by this way, the glory of the world and all obscurity will flee from you.
10. It is the power strong with all power, for it will defeat every subtle thing and penetrate every
solid thing
11. In this way, the world was created.
12. From it are born wonderful adaptations, of which the way here is given.
13. That is why I have been called Hermes Trismegistus, having the three parts of the universal
philosophy.
14. This, that I have called solar Work, is complete.

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky

Interpretation From Madame Helena Blavatsky: Helena Petrovna Blavatsky was a Russian occultist, philosopher, and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 1875. She gained an international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, the esoteric religion that the society promoted.

1. What is below is like that which is above, and what is above is similar to that which is below to
accomplish the wonders of the one thing.
2. As all things were produced by the mediation of one being, so all things were produced from this
one by adaptation.
3. Its father is the sun, its mother the moon.
4. It is the cause of all perfection throughout the whole Earth.
5. Its power is perfect if it is changed into Earth.
6. Separate the Earth from the fire, the subtle from the gross, acting prudently and with judgment
7. Ascend with the greatest sagacity from earth to heaven, and unite together the power of things
inferior and superior
8. Thus you will possess the light of the whole world, and all obscurity will fly away from you.
9 This thing has more fortitude than fortitude itself because it will overcome every subtle thing and
penetrate every solid thing.
10. By it, the world was formed.
[Blavatsky 1972: 507.]

Interpretation From Fulcanelli (translated from the French by Sieveking)
1) This is the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth
2) As below, so above; and as above so below. With this knowledge alone you may work miracles.
3) And since all things exist in and emanate from the ONE Who is the ultimate Cause, so all things
are born after their kind from this ONE.
4) The Sun is the father, the Moon the mother
5) The wind carried it in his belly. Earth is its nurse and its guardian.

Fulcanelli's Book: The Mystery of The Cathedrals

6) It is the Father of all things
6a) The eternal Will is contained in it.
7) Here, on earth, its strength, its power remain one and undivided.
7a) Earth must be separated from fire, the subtle from the dense, gently with unremitting care.
8) It arises from the Earth and descends from heaven; it gathers to itself the strength of things above
and things below.
9) By means of this one thing all the glory of the world shall be yours and all obscurity flee from
you.
10) It is power, strong with the strength of all power, for it will penetrate all mysteries and dispel all
ignorance.
11) By it, the world was created.
12) From it are born manifold wonders, the means to achieving which are here given
13) It is for this reason that I am called Hermes Trismegistus; for I possess the three essentials of
the philosophy of the universe.
14) This is the sum total of the work of the Sun.
[Sadoul 1972: 25-6.]

Interpretation From Fulcanelli - New Translation
1) It is true without untruth, certain and most true
2) that which is below is like that which is on high, and that which is on high is like that which is
below; by these things are made the miracles of one thing.
3) And as all things are, and come from One, by the mediation of One, So all things are born from
this unique thing by adaptation.
4) The Sun is the father and the Moon the mother.

Thoth, Tehuthi, Hermes, Orunmila, Nri, etc.

5) The wind carries it in its stomach. The earth is its nourisher and its receptacle.
6 The Father of all the Theleme of the universal world is here.
6a) Its force, or power, remains entire
7) if it is converted into Earth.
7a) You separate the Earth from the fire, the subtle from the gross, gently with great industry.
8) It climbs from the Earth and descends from the sky, and receives the force of things superior and
things inferior.
9) You will have by this way, the glory of the world and all obscurity will flee from you.
10) It is the power strong with all power, for it will defeat every subtle thing and penetrate every
solid thing.
11) In this way, the world was created.
12) From it are born wonderful adaptations, of which the way here is given.
13) That is why I have been called Hermes Trismegistus, having the three parts of the universal
philosophy.
14) This, that I have called solar Work, is complete.
[Translated from Fulcanelli 1964: 312.]

Translation of Isaac Newton c. 1680
1) Tis true without lying, certain and most true.

Sir Isaac Newton

2) That which is below is like that which is above and that which is above is like yet which is below
to do ye miracles of one only thing.
3) And as all things have been and arose from one by ye mediation of one: so all things have their
birth from this one thing by adaptation.
4) The Sun is its father, the moon its mother
5) The wind hath carried it in its belly, the Earth its course.
6) The father of all perfection in ye whole world is here.
7) Its force or power is entire if it be converted into Earth.
8) Separate thou ye Earth from ye fire, ye subtle from the gross sweetly with great industry.
9) It ascends from ye Earth to ye heaven and again it descends to ye earth and receives ye force of
things superior and inferior.
10) By this means you shall have ye glory of ye whole world and thereby all obscurity shall fly
from you.
11) Its force is above all force. for it vanquishes every subtle thing & penetrates every solid thing.
11a) So was ye world created.
12) From this are and do come admirable adaptations whereof ye means (Or process) is here in this.
13) Hence I am called Hermes Trismegistus, having the three parts of ye philosophy of ye whole
world.
14) That which I have said of ye operation of ye Sun is accomplished and ended.
[Dobbs 1988: 183-4.]
End of part 1 of 10. Next blog 19/05/19. The Emerald Tablet: Tablet 1 translated.

Gnostic Bible, The 34 hidden letters and Messages in Bismillar Al-Rahman Al-Rahim, Islamic Mystical Literature: Initiation and Prophecies of Djehuiti, Thoth, or Hermes and Atum

Khoisan, Yucatan coast, Grimaldis, Jomon, Ainu

- Let's look at the facts: 45)
1). Most contemporary human populations are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people.

2). Both North and South Americans are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people, especially South and Central America.

Left Negroid Jomon Skull around 50 - 10,000 BCE J. 7YM

3). The Grimaldis of Europe are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people. Note: Just as the ancient Khemite did not call themselves Egyptian. The ancient San, Bushman or Khoisan peoples did not call themselves Grimaldi, that name came from aristocratic French family in Monaco.

4). The original Jomon and Ainu of Japan are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people.

5). The original Dravidians of India are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people.

6). The Australians represent the OOA population that settled Asia.

7). During the OOA event, much of Siberia and North America was under the ice from 110,000 -

Most of the remains of the Grimaldi are of Negroid descent.

10,000BC. As a result, there was no way Siberians could cross Beringia before the end of the ice age;

8). It also appears that Melanesians originated from at least two migrations from Africa. The first migration involved a group of people who travelled to S.E Asia from Africa along the coastline of Southern Asia, starting 100,000 years ago.

9). Another migration, possibly 75,000 years ago, were a people similar to the Vedda of India, Batak of Lake Toba, Australian Aborigine and Ainu as well as people who once lived in the far reaches of Tierra del Fuego.

10). Ice even separated much of South America east to west.

11). The first Americans appear in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina Latin America around 30,000 BCE.

12). Using craniometric evidence it is clear that the first Americans look like Africans not modern Asian Native Americans.

13). Using craniometrics we have pointed out that Asia was dominated by the Australian population until the rise of Suhulland when the Melanesian people appear in the area, at this time the Bering was still under Ice.

14). The migration pattern of the first settlers of the Americas was Not from North America going south – but rather, from South America to North America.

15). These people share their DNA with the Pygmies of the Congo area. Relics of this original population can be found on the Andaman Islands and in the highlands of New Guinea.

The Dufuna Boat

16). As well as having common DNA markers, they brought with them the bow and arrow, Divination Systems and the Malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

And between 15,000-12,000 we see numerous African populations in Mexico and Brazil, and skeletons dating to this period have even been found off the Yucatan coast in the Caribbean.

18). These first Americans did not look like Australians or modern Amerinds.

19). The Dufuna boat makes it clear that Africans probably had the technology to travel to the Americas 15,000 years ago.

20). Recent studies have shown a large number of African genes, amongst the people of the Amazon River, dating back to about 10,000 years.

A Congolese Pygmy girl

21). The iconography of PreClassic people like the Cherla, Ocos and other groups is of Negroes not Amerinds like the Maya.

22). The third migration of much taller Africans entered Melanesia, only 10,000 years ago, bringing with them the Malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, the bottle-gourd and jack bean.

23). Researchers have found that some Mayan people have genetic markers, which point to African ancestors.

24). One Mayan male, previously (has been) shown to have an African Y chromosome." - Underhill, et al (1996) " A pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific transition with its implications for human evolutionary history", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, Vol.93, pp.196-200.

25). Paul Manansala has observed that: Mestizos in Mayan or nearby areas show significant African admixture. The East Coast had extensive admixture according to a recent study by Lisker et al. ("Genetic Structure in Mesoamerica," _Human Biology_, June 1996).

26). The Olmecs built their civilization in the region of the current states of Veracruz and Tabasco.

27). Many scholars refuse to admit that Africans early settled in America.

Inhabitants of Mexico Cities carrying \African genes

28). But the evidence of African skeletons found at many Olmec sites, and their trading partners from the Old World found by Dr. Andrzej Wiercinski prove the cosmopolitan nature of Olmec society.

29). Haslip-Viera, Ortiz de Montellano and Barbour (1997) have argued that Olmec civilisation was not influenced by Africans and therefore Afrocentrism should have no standing in higher education, but in fact, it can be illustrated that the facial types associated with the Olmec people and Meroitic people are identical.

30). And those Olmec figurines such as the Tuxtla statuette excavation are inscribed with African writing used by the Mande people of West Africa. (Wiener, 1922; Winters, 1979, of Manding writing, provide the "absolute proof " recovered by archaeologists from "controlled excavations in the New World" demanded by Haslip-Viera, Ortiz de Montellano and Barbour (1997: 419) to "proof"/confirm Olmec and African contact.

Olmec Consonants

31). Haslip-Viera, Ortiz de Montellano and Barbour (1997: 419, 423-25) argue that the claims of the Afro-centrists claims that the Olmecs were Africans, must be rejected because 1) the Olmecs do not look like Nubians, and 2) the absence of an African artefact recovered from an archaeological excavation.

32). These authors are wrong on both counts, there is numerous resemblance between the ancient Olmec people and ancient Nubians, and an African artefacts: Manding writing, is engraved on many Olmec artefacts discovered during archaeological excavation (Winters, 1979, 1997).

33). This re-analysis of the Olmec skeletal material from Tlatilco and Cerro, which correctly identifies Armenoid, Dongolan and Loponoid as euphemisms for "Negro" make it clear that a substantial number of the Olmecs were Blacks support the art evidence and writing which point to an African origin for Olmec civilization.

34). In conclusion, the Olmec people were called Xi. They did not speak a Mixe-Zoque language they spoke a Mande language, which is the substratum language for many Mexican languages. The Olmec came from Saharan Africa 3200 years ago.

Izapata Stelea 5 of the Olmec

35). They came in boats which are depicted in the Izapa Stela no.5, in twelve migratory waves. These Proto-Olmecs belonged to seven clans which served as the base for the Olmec people.


36\) We pointed out that the Melanesian type reaches the East Asian mainland by 5000 BC, long after Africans had settled Latin America.

37). Amerind groups are not associated with African slaves, carrying African genes.

38). Maya carried African y chromosome.

39). Chontal Mayan speakers were classified as Negroes by Quatrefages. This may explain why the Maya carry African genes.

40). Negrocostachicanos claim that they have never been slaves and are indigenous to Guererro and Oaxaca on the Pacific coast.

41). Fuegians 100-400 BP carried haplogroup A1. Hg A1 is an African haplogroup.

42). Amerinds carry haplogroup N, just like Africans.

Otomi language of Mexico and affinity with Mande and Yoruba language

43). The y chromosome STRs of the Fuegians include DYS434,DYS437,DYS 439, DYS 393, DYS391,DYS390,DYS19, DYS 389I, DYS389II and DYS 388 (see: Garcia-Bour et al above). Except for DYS390 and DYS388 they are characteristic of haplogroup A1. A1 is recognized as an African haplogroup.

44). Quatrefages noted numerous African Native American tribes.

45). The antiquity of these populations is supported by the ancient iconography found in these countries which are of African Native Americans.

Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau: He was born at Berthézène, in the commune of Valleraugue (Gard), the son of a Protestant farmer. He studied science and then medicine at the University of Strasbourg, where he took the double degree of M.D. and D.Sc., one of his theses being a Théorie d'un coup de canon (November 1829); next year he published a book, Sur les arolithes, and in 1832 a treatise on L'Extraversion de la vessie.

Using Ogham lines the Xi be seen drawn as a square

Moving to Toulouse, he practised medicine for a short time, and contributed various memoirs to the local Journal de Médecine and to the Annales des sciences naturelles (1834—36).

But being unable to continue his research in the provinces, he resigned the chair of zoology to which he had been appointed, and in 1839 settled in Paris, where he found in Henri Milne-Edwards a patron and a friend.

Abraham

Elected professor of natural history at the Lycée Napoléon in 1850, he became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1852, and in 1855 was appointed to the chair of anthropology and ethnography at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

Other distinctions followed rapidly, and continued to the end of his otherwise uneventful career, the more important being honorary member of the Royal Society of London (June 1879), member of the Institute and of the Academie de médecine, and commander of the Legion of Honour (1881). He died in Paris.

He was an accurate observer and unwearied collector of zoological materials, gifted with remarkable descriptive power, and possessed of a clear, vigorous style, but somewhat deficient in deep philosophic insight. Hence his serious studies on the anatomical characters of the lower and higher organisms, man included, will retain their value, while many of his theories and generalisations, especially in the department of ethnology, are already forgotten. End of 45 points facts. Next blog 13/05/19.

Pedra Furada, America, Brazil, Luzia, Artefacts

Pedra Furada Brazil
This indicates that the migration pattern of the first settlers of the Americas was Not from North America going south – but rather, from South America to North America. Then, of course, there are the Olmec – the people who brought civilization to the Americas with their Technology, Art, and culture.

Pedra Furada Rock Art

When all the new information is compiled it is clear that there was not one peopling of the Americas, but rather, there was at least five. For more than 100 years, researchers have claimed that there were very early human sites in the tropical forests of eastern South America.

Pedra Furada includes a collection of rock shelters used for thousands of years by human populations. Site investigators found stone tools and charcoal hearths at the earliest levels. The first excavations yielded artefacts with Carbon-14 dates of 48,000 to 32,000 years B.C.E. Repeated analysis has confirmed this dating, carrying the range of dates up to 60,000 B.C.E. Archaeological levels that are well-excavated yield dates between 32,160 ± 1,000 years B.C.E., and 17,000 ± 400 B.C.E. The collection of Stone Age artefacts includes darts and atlatls but no arrows or bows.

Unlike Clovis sites, those in Brazil include painted caves and rock shelters. Food remains include nuts, legumes, fish, shellfish, and small game animals. Among the artefacts are triangular, sometimes stemmed points but no fluted points, (points referrers to spear and arrow tips). The newly dating sites include Caverna da Pedra Pintada, Santana de Riacho, and Boquete in Brazil. News-Story: Brasilia (AFP), 09-10-2013. A new exhibit in Brazil showcases artefacts dating as far back as 30,000 years ago -- throwing a wrench in the commonly held theory humans first crossed to the Americas from Asia a mere 12,000 years ago.

Pedra Furada Rock Art

The 100 items on display in Brasilia, including cave paintings and ceramic art, depict animals, ceremonies, hunting expeditions -- and even scenes from the sex lives of this ancient group of early Americans.

The artefacts come from the Serra da Capivara national park in Brazil's North-eastern Piaui state, on the border of the Amazon and Atlantic Forests, which attracted the hunter-gatherer civilization that left behind this hoard of local art. Since the 1970s, Franco-Brazilian archaeologist Niede Guidon has headed a mission to carry out the large-scale excavation of Piaui's interior. "It's difficult to think there exists a site anywhere with a higher concentration of cave art," the 80-year-old Guidon told AFP.

Other traces of the civilization include charcoal remains of structured fires, explained Guidon, who hails from Sao Paulo. "To date, these are the oldest traces" of human existence in the Americas, she emphasized. The widely held theory has suggested human beings only reached the Americas some 12,000 years ago from Asia, crossing the Bering Strait to reach Alaska.  Some archaeologists contend flaked pebbles at the Brazilian sites are not evidence of a crude, human-made fire hearth made some 40 millennia ago, but are rather geofacts -- a natural stone formation, not a man-made one.

One of the Archeologic site Monte Verde, in Chile

But Guidon said she believes the Serra dwellers may have come originally from Africa, and she said the cave art provides compelling evidence of early human activity.

The paintings are estimated to date back some 29,000 years, she said, noting: "When it began in Europe and Africa, it did here too." Other sites, including Valsequillo in Mexico and Monte Verde in Chile, also indicate the presence of communities tens of thousands of years ago.

These sites have led archaeologists to speculate that peoples travelled various routes to reach the Americas and at different stages, archeologist Gisele Daltrini Felice told AFP. Scientific analysis of early skull finds in the US has often been halted by Native American custom which assumes that any ancient remains involve their ancestors and must be handed over.  However, this evidence that another race may have pre-dated Native Americans could strengthen legal challenges from researchers to force access to such remains. Archaeologists:  Niede Guidon , Gisele Daltrini Felice.

Tests on skulls found in Mexico suggest they are almost 13,000 years old - and shed fresh light on how humans colonised the Americas. The human skulls are the oldest tested so far from the continent, and their shape is set to inflame further controversy over native American burial rights. Mexico appears to have been a crossroads for people spreading across the Americas.

Reconstructed face of a 12,000 years old Teenager Naia

The skulls were analysed by a scientist from John Moores University in Liverpool, UK, with help from teams in Oxford and Mexico itself. They came from a collection of 27 skeletons of early humans kept at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.

These were originally discovered more than 100 years ago in the area surrounding the city. The latest radiocarbon dating techniques allow dating to be carried out on tiny quantities of bone, although the process is expensive.

Dr. Silvia Gonzalez, who dated the skulls, said: "The museum knew that the remains were of significant historical value but they hadn't been scientifically dated." "I decided to analyse small bone samples from five skeletons using the latest carbon-dating techniques," she told BBC News Online. "I think everybody was amazed at how old they were."

The earliest human remains tested prior to this had been dated at approximately 12,000 years ago. Domestic tools dated at 14,500 years have been found in Chile - but with no associated human remains.

The latest dating is not only confirmation that humans were present in the Americas much earlier than 12,000 years ago, but also that they were not related to early native Americans. The two oldest skulls were "dolichocephalic" - that is, long and narrow-headed. Other, more recent skulls were a different shape - short and broad, like those from native American remains.

This suggests that humans dispersed within Mexico in two distinct waves and that a race of long and narrow-headed humans may have lived in North America prior to the American Indians. Traditionally, American Indians were thought to have been the first to arrive on the continent, crossing from Asia on a land bridge. Dr. Gonzalez told BBC News Online:

African genes in Mexico Cities

"We believe that the older race may have come from what is now Japan, via the Pacific islands and perhaps the California coast. "Our next project is to examine remains found in the Baha peninsula of California and look at their DNA to see if they are related.

Sites with triangular and sometimes stemmed points and diverse modern fauna and flora, date to between 11,500 and 8,500 years ago.

The first secure evidence of early Paleoindians on the Pacific coast was from two south Peruvian sites with beginning dates between 11,100 and 10,700 years ago. At the sites Quebrada and Jaguay, the ancient hearths contained carbonized fragments of stone tools and remains of shellfish, small fish, and birds, but no large game.

Luzia: Several studies concerning the extra-continental morphological affinities of Paleo-Indian skeletons, carried out independently in South and North America, have indicated that the Americas were first occupied by non-Mongoloids that made their way to the New World through the Bering Strait in ancient times.

Moche civilization of Peru 3000 to 100 AD

The first South Americans show a clear resemblance to modern South Pacific and African populations. In none of these analyses the first Americans show any resemblance to either northeast Asians or modern native Americans.

So far, these studies have included affirmed and putative early skeletons thought to date between 8,000 and 10,000 years B.P. In this work, the extra-continental morphological affinities of a Paleo-Indian skeleton well dated between 11,000 and 11,500 years B.P. (Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1, "Luzia") is investigated, using as comparative samples Howells' (1989) worldwide modern series and Habgood's (1985) Old World Late.

The results obtained clearly confirm the idea that the Americas were first colonized by a generalized Homo sapiens population which inhabited East Asia in the Late Pleistocene, before the definition of the classic Mongoloid morphology.

Below: A skull belonging to a roughly 20-year-old Australoid woman that was unearthed in Brazil by the French archaeologist Annette Amperaire in 1971, nicknamed “Luzia”. Since Luzia's discovery, at least 50 similarly un-Mongoloid Palaeoamerican remains have been found in the Lagoa Santa area near where "Luzia" herself was found.

Reconstructed face of Luzia

They all seem to have been buried within a small area that may have been a cemetery. This raises the intriguing question of whether the Lagoa Santa population at this early time, was perhaps already settled in a specific area and perhaps were even no longer just hunter-gatherers.

Deep inside an underwater cave in Mexico, archaeologists may have discovered the oldest human skeleton ever found in the Americas. Dubbed Eva de Naharon, or Eve of Naharon, the female skeleton has been dated at 13,600 years old. If that age is accurate, the skeleton—along with three others found in underwater caves along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. DNA: Dr. Gonzalez,  John Moores University Liverpool, Archaeologist Annette Amperaire

Skeletal remains have been excavated over the past four years near the town of Tulum, about 80 miles southwest of Cancún, by a team of scientists led by Arturo González, director of the Desert Museum in Saltillo, Mexico. Clues from the skeletons' skulls hint that the people may not be of northern Asian descent, which would contradict the dominant theory of New World settlement.

That theory holds that ancient humans first came to North America from northern Asia via a now-submerged land bridge across the Bering Sea. "The shape of the skulls has led us to believe that Eva and the others have more of an affinity with people from South Asia than North Asia," González explained. The three other skeletons excavated in the caves have been given a date range of 11,000 to 14,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon dating. Tulum.

But at the time Eve of Naharon is believed to have lived there, sea levels were 200 feet (60 meters) lower, and the Yucatán Peninsula was a wide, dry prairie. The polar ice caps melted dramatically 8,000 to 9,000 years ago, causing sea levels to rise hundreds of feet and submerging the burial grounds of the skeletons.

Olmec Head

Stalactites and stalagmites then grew around the remains, preventing them from being washed out to sea. González has also found remains of elephants, giant sloths, and other ancient fauna in the caves. Fell's Cave is a rock shelter in the valley of the Chico River, not far from the Strait of Magellan in the Chilean part of the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago.

It was initially occupied by hunters around 10,000 B.C.E. who left behind an impressive layer of refuse which was sealed by hundreds of pounds of debris from the fall of the shelter overhang.

The hunter's refuse included fire-pots with the broken bones of native horse, sloth, and guanaco, as well as stone and bone tools. Among the stone tools were fishtail spear-points, a form of stone point found in many places in South America. Fishtail points are flaked bi-facially (that is, working on both sides) and have pronounced shoulders above a clearly shaped stem.

Some are fluted with small channels removed from the bottom. In 1936-37, the discoveries in Fell's Cave represented the first evidence of early humans in South America. Since then, older sites such as Monte Verde have been identified. The remains were found some 50 feet (15 meters) below sea level.

A Peruvian Woman around 200 BCE 

Chile: Monte Verde, Chile is a boggy stream-bed in which mastodon bones and wet preserved plant remains were found with a few stone tools, including three bi-pointed points and a crude bi-face. Monte Verde which was occupied some 14,500 years ago, provides a slightly different view of life for the early inhabitants of South America.

Due to the quality of preservation at Monte Verde, natural materials such as wood, fiber, and cordage remain. Even a human footprint has been found there. This range of artifacts crafted from perishable materials is typically lost to archaeologists.

Their preservation due to the extremely wet conditions at Monte Verde indicates that baskets, fishing nets, and tents made from hides were among the range of belongings used by the thirty or so people who lived there. These campers were likely able fishermen and gatherers of wild plants, which would have supplemented their diet of hunted animals.

They also crafted exquisite leaf-shaped spear-points. These weapons and hunting tools are not dissimilar from the examples from Fell's Cave, which suggests that the two sites, while separated in time by more than 4,000 years, were part of a long-standing and connected tradition of thriving in the new world.

Venezuela: At Taima Taima, an oil field site in northern Venezuela, fragmentary tools were found with cut mastodon bones in a spring where cultural and natural materials had become mixed.

Moche nose ornament

One tool is a bi-pointed style point. The ancient habitat was swampy, wooded, and subtropical. The radiocarbon dates range too widely for comfort - from about 41,000 to 12,000 B.P. Late Pleistocene people may have killed mastodon there, but exactly when is not certain.

In nearby Colombia, early pre-pottery sites have also been found, notably at El Jobo in Falcón, that date to about 14,920 B.C.E.

There carved stone was used for such objects as small pendants: shell and bone are also known to have been used. Some of these sites contain triangular points, while others have ground-stone tools. Food remains are tropical forest fruits and nuts. In the Andes highlands of Peru, early work had uncovered possible big-game kill sites dating to as early as 20,000 years ago, but these had no clear association with humans. Researchers: Arturo González. End of part 40f 4. Next blog 05/05/19. A 40 points summary of the main fact pertaining to America's history.