Khoisan, Yucatan coast, Grimaldis, Jomon, Ainu

- Let's look at the facts: 45)
1). Most contemporary human populations are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people.

2). Both North and South Americans are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people, especially South and Central America.

Left Negroid Jomon Skull around 50 - 10,000 BCE J. 7YM

3). The Grimaldis of Europe are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people. Note: Just as the ancient Khemite did not call themselves Egyptian. The ancient San, Bushman or Khoisan peoples did not call themselves Grimaldi, that name came from aristocratic French family in Monaco.

4). The original Jomon and Ainu of Japan are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people.

5). The original Dravidians of India are descendants of the San, Bushman or Khoisan people.

6). The Australians represent the OOA population that settled Asia.

7). During the OOA event, much of Siberia and North America was under the ice from 110,000 -

Most of the remains of the Grimaldi are of Negroid descent.

10,000BC. As a result, there was no way Siberians could cross Beringia before the end of the ice age;

8). It also appears that Melanesians originated from at least two migrations from Africa. The first migration involved a group of people who travelled to S.E Asia from Africa along the coastline of Southern Asia, starting 100,000 years ago.

9). Another migration, possibly 75,000 years ago, were a people similar to the Vedda of India, Batak of Lake Toba, Australian Aborigine and Ainu as well as people who once lived in the far reaches of Tierra del Fuego.

10). Ice even separated much of South America east to west.

11). The first Americans appear in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina Latin America around 30,000 BCE.

12). Using craniometric evidence it is clear that the first Americans look like Africans not modern Asian Native Americans.

13). Using craniometrics we have pointed out that Asia was dominated by the Australian population until the rise of Suhulland when the Melanesian people appear in the area, at this time the Bering was still under Ice.

14). The migration pattern of the first settlers of the Americas was Not from North America going south – but rather, from South America to North America.

15). These people share their DNA with the Pygmies of the Congo area. Relics of this original population can be found on the Andaman Islands and in the highlands of New Guinea.

The Dufuna Boat

16). As well as having common DNA markers, they brought with them the bow and arrow, Divination Systems and the Malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

And between 15,000-12,000 we see numerous African populations in Mexico and Brazil, and skeletons dating to this period have even been found off the Yucatan coast in the Caribbean.

18). These first Americans did not look like Australians or modern Amerinds.

19). The Dufuna boat makes it clear that Africans probably had the technology to travel to the Americas 15,000 years ago.

20). Recent studies have shown a large number of African genes, amongst the people of the Amazon River, dating back to about 10,000 years.

A Congolese Pygmy girl

21). The iconography of PreClassic people like the Cherla, Ocos and other groups is of Negroes not Amerinds like the Maya.

22). The third migration of much taller Africans entered Melanesia, only 10,000 years ago, bringing with them the Malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, the bottle-gourd and jack bean.

23). Researchers have found that some Mayan people have genetic markers, which point to African ancestors.

24). One Mayan male, previously (has been) shown to have an African Y chromosome." - Underhill, et al (1996) " A pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific transition with its implications for human evolutionary history", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, Vol.93, pp.196-200.

25). Paul Manansala has observed that: Mestizos in Mayan or nearby areas show significant African admixture. The East Coast had extensive admixture according to a recent study by Lisker et al. ("Genetic Structure in Mesoamerica," _Human Biology_, June 1996).

26). The Olmecs built their civilization in the region of the current states of Veracruz and Tabasco.

27). Many scholars refuse to admit that Africans early settled in America.

Inhabitants of Mexico Cities carrying \African genes

28). But the evidence of African skeletons found at many Olmec sites, and their trading partners from the Old World found by Dr. Andrzej Wiercinski prove the cosmopolitan nature of Olmec society.

29). Haslip-Viera, Ortiz de Montellano and Barbour (1997) have argued that Olmec civilisation was not influenced by Africans and therefore Afrocentrism should have no standing in higher education, but in fact, it can be illustrated that the facial types associated with the Olmec people and Meroitic people are identical.

30). And those Olmec figurines such as the Tuxtla statuette excavation are inscribed with African writing used by the Mande people of West Africa. (Wiener, 1922; Winters, 1979, of Manding writing, provide the "absolute proof " recovered by archaeologists from "controlled excavations in the New World" demanded by Haslip-Viera, Ortiz de Montellano and Barbour (1997: 419) to "proof"/confirm Olmec and African contact.

Olmec Consonants

31). Haslip-Viera, Ortiz de Montellano and Barbour (1997: 419, 423-25) argue that the claims of the Afro-centrists claims that the Olmecs were Africans, must be rejected because 1) the Olmecs do not look like Nubians, and 2) the absence of an African artefact recovered from an archaeological excavation.

32). These authors are wrong on both counts, there is numerous resemblance between the ancient Olmec people and ancient Nubians, and an African artefacts: Manding writing, is engraved on many Olmec artefacts discovered during archaeological excavation (Winters, 1979, 1997).

33). This re-analysis of the Olmec skeletal material from Tlatilco and Cerro, which correctly identifies Armenoid, Dongolan and Loponoid as euphemisms for "Negro" make it clear that a substantial number of the Olmecs were Blacks support the art evidence and writing which point to an African origin for Olmec civilization.

34). In conclusion, the Olmec people were called Xi. They did not speak a Mixe-Zoque language they spoke a Mande language, which is the substratum language for many Mexican languages. The Olmec came from Saharan Africa 3200 years ago.

Izapata Stelea 5 of the Olmec

35). They came in boats which are depicted in the Izapa Stela no.5, in twelve migratory waves. These Proto-Olmecs belonged to seven clans which served as the base for the Olmec people.


36\) We pointed out that the Melanesian type reaches the East Asian mainland by 5000 BC, long after Africans had settled Latin America.

37). Amerind groups are not associated with African slaves, carrying African genes.

38). Maya carried African y chromosome.

39). Chontal Mayan speakers were classified as Negroes by Quatrefages. This may explain why the Maya carry African genes.

40). Negrocostachicanos claim that they have never been slaves and are indigenous to Guererro and Oaxaca on the Pacific coast.

41). Fuegians 100-400 BP carried haplogroup A1. Hg A1 is an African haplogroup.

42). Amerinds carry haplogroup N, just like Africans.

Otomi language of Mexico and affinity with Mande and Yoruba language

43). The y chromosome STRs of the Fuegians include DYS434,DYS437,DYS 439, DYS 393, DYS391,DYS390,DYS19, DYS 389I, DYS389II and DYS 388 (see: Garcia-Bour et al above). Except for DYS390 and DYS388 they are characteristic of haplogroup A1. A1 is recognized as an African haplogroup.

44). Quatrefages noted numerous African Native American tribes.

45). The antiquity of these populations is supported by the ancient iconography found in these countries which are of African Native Americans.

Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau: He was born at Berthézène, in the commune of Valleraugue (Gard), the son of a Protestant farmer. He studied science and then medicine at the University of Strasbourg, where he took the double degree of M.D. and D.Sc., one of his theses being a Théorie d'un coup de canon (November 1829); next year he published a book, Sur les arolithes, and in 1832 a treatise on L'Extraversion de la vessie.

Using Ogham lines the Xi be seen drawn as a square

Moving to Toulouse, he practised medicine for a short time, and contributed various memoirs to the local Journal de Médecine and to the Annales des sciences naturelles (1834—36).

But being unable to continue his research in the provinces, he resigned the chair of zoology to which he had been appointed, and in 1839 settled in Paris, where he found in Henri Milne-Edwards a patron and a friend.

Abraham

Elected professor of natural history at the Lycée Napoléon in 1850, he became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1852, and in 1855 was appointed to the chair of anthropology and ethnography at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

Other distinctions followed rapidly, and continued to the end of his otherwise uneventful career, the more important being honorary member of the Royal Society of London (June 1879), member of the Institute and of the Academie de médecine, and commander of the Legion of Honour (1881). He died in Paris.

He was an accurate observer and unwearied collector of zoological materials, gifted with remarkable descriptive power, and possessed of a clear, vigorous style, but somewhat deficient in deep philosophic insight. Hence his serious studies on the anatomical characters of the lower and higher organisms, man included, will retain their value, while many of his theories and generalisations, especially in the department of ethnology, are already forgotten. End of 45 points facts. Next blog 13/05/19.

Pedra Furada, America, Brazil, Luzia, Artefacts

Pedra Furada Brazil
This indicates that the migration pattern of the first settlers of the Americas was Not from North America going south – but rather, from South America to North America. Then, of course, there are the Olmec – the people who brought civilization to the Americas with their Technology, Art, and culture.

Pedra Furada Rock Art

When all the new information is compiled it is clear that there was not one peopling of the Americas, but rather, there was at least five. For more than 100 years, researchers have claimed that there were very early human sites in the tropical forests of eastern South America.

Pedra Furada includes a collection of rock shelters used for thousands of years by human populations. Site investigators found stone tools and charcoal hearths at the earliest levels. The first excavations yielded artefacts with Carbon-14 dates of 48,000 to 32,000 years B.C.E. Repeated analysis has confirmed this dating, carrying the range of dates up to 60,000 B.C.E. Archaeological levels that are well-excavated yield dates between 32,160 ± 1,000 years B.C.E., and 17,000 ± 400 B.C.E. The collection of Stone Age artefacts includes darts and atlatls but no arrows or bows.

Unlike Clovis sites, those in Brazil include painted caves and rock shelters. Food remains include nuts, legumes, fish, shellfish, and small game animals. Among the artefacts are triangular, sometimes stemmed points but no fluted points, (points referrers to spear and arrow tips). The newly dating sites include Caverna da Pedra Pintada, Santana de Riacho, and Boquete in Brazil. News-Story: Brasilia (AFP), 09-10-2013. A new exhibit in Brazil showcases artefacts dating as far back as 30,000 years ago -- throwing a wrench in the commonly held theory humans first crossed to the Americas from Asia a mere 12,000 years ago.

Pedra Furada Rock Art

The 100 items on display in Brasilia, including cave paintings and ceramic art, depict animals, ceremonies, hunting expeditions -- and even scenes from the sex lives of this ancient group of early Americans.

The artefacts come from the Serra da Capivara national park in Brazil's North-eastern Piaui state, on the border of the Amazon and Atlantic Forests, which attracted the hunter-gatherer civilization that left behind this hoard of local art. Since the 1970s, Franco-Brazilian archaeologist Niede Guidon has headed a mission to carry out the large-scale excavation of Piaui's interior. "It's difficult to think there exists a site anywhere with a higher concentration of cave art," the 80-year-old Guidon told AFP.

Other traces of the civilization include charcoal remains of structured fires, explained Guidon, who hails from Sao Paulo. "To date, these are the oldest traces" of human existence in the Americas, she emphasized. The widely held theory has suggested human beings only reached the Americas some 12,000 years ago from Asia, crossing the Bering Strait to reach Alaska.  Some archaeologists contend flaked pebbles at the Brazilian sites are not evidence of a crude, human-made fire hearth made some 40 millennia ago, but are rather geofacts -- a natural stone formation, not a man-made one.

One of the Archeologic site Monte Verde, in Chile

But Guidon said she believes the Serra dwellers may have come originally from Africa, and she said the cave art provides compelling evidence of early human activity.

The paintings are estimated to date back some 29,000 years, she said, noting: "When it began in Europe and Africa, it did here too." Other sites, including Valsequillo in Mexico and Monte Verde in Chile, also indicate the presence of communities tens of thousands of years ago.

These sites have led archaeologists to speculate that peoples travelled various routes to reach the Americas and at different stages, archeologist Gisele Daltrini Felice told AFP. Scientific analysis of early skull finds in the US has often been halted by Native American custom which assumes that any ancient remains involve their ancestors and must be handed over.  However, this evidence that another race may have pre-dated Native Americans could strengthen legal challenges from researchers to force access to such remains. Archaeologists:  Niede Guidon , Gisele Daltrini Felice.

Tests on skulls found in Mexico suggest they are almost 13,000 years old - and shed fresh light on how humans colonised the Americas. The human skulls are the oldest tested so far from the continent, and their shape is set to inflame further controversy over native American burial rights. Mexico appears to have been a crossroads for people spreading across the Americas.

Reconstructed face of a 12,000 years old Teenager Naia

The skulls were analysed by a scientist from John Moores University in Liverpool, UK, with help from teams in Oxford and Mexico itself. They came from a collection of 27 skeletons of early humans kept at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.

These were originally discovered more than 100 years ago in the area surrounding the city. The latest radiocarbon dating techniques allow dating to be carried out on tiny quantities of bone, although the process is expensive.

Dr. Silvia Gonzalez, who dated the skulls, said: "The museum knew that the remains were of significant historical value but they hadn't been scientifically dated." "I decided to analyse small bone samples from five skeletons using the latest carbon-dating techniques," she told BBC News Online. "I think everybody was amazed at how old they were."

The earliest human remains tested prior to this had been dated at approximately 12,000 years ago. Domestic tools dated at 14,500 years have been found in Chile - but with no associated human remains.

The latest dating is not only confirmation that humans were present in the Americas much earlier than 12,000 years ago, but also that they were not related to early native Americans. The two oldest skulls were "dolichocephalic" - that is, long and narrow-headed. Other, more recent skulls were a different shape - short and broad, like those from native American remains.

This suggests that humans dispersed within Mexico in two distinct waves and that a race of long and narrow-headed humans may have lived in North America prior to the American Indians. Traditionally, American Indians were thought to have been the first to arrive on the continent, crossing from Asia on a land bridge. Dr. Gonzalez told BBC News Online:

African genes in Mexico Cities

"We believe that the older race may have come from what is now Japan, via the Pacific islands and perhaps the California coast. "Our next project is to examine remains found in the Baha peninsula of California and look at their DNA to see if they are related.

Sites with triangular and sometimes stemmed points and diverse modern fauna and flora, date to between 11,500 and 8,500 years ago.

The first secure evidence of early Paleoindians on the Pacific coast was from two south Peruvian sites with beginning dates between 11,100 and 10,700 years ago. At the sites Quebrada and Jaguay, the ancient hearths contained carbonized fragments of stone tools and remains of shellfish, small fish, and birds, but no large game.

Luzia: Several studies concerning the extra-continental morphological affinities of Paleo-Indian skeletons, carried out independently in South and North America, have indicated that the Americas were first occupied by non-Mongoloids that made their way to the New World through the Bering Strait in ancient times.

Moche civilization of Peru 3000 to 100 AD

The first South Americans show a clear resemblance to modern South Pacific and African populations. In none of these analyses the first Americans show any resemblance to either northeast Asians or modern native Americans.

So far, these studies have included affirmed and putative early skeletons thought to date between 8,000 and 10,000 years B.P. In this work, the extra-continental morphological affinities of a Paleo-Indian skeleton well dated between 11,000 and 11,500 years B.P. (Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1, "Luzia") is investigated, using as comparative samples Howells' (1989) worldwide modern series and Habgood's (1985) Old World Late.

The results obtained clearly confirm the idea that the Americas were first colonized by a generalized Homo sapiens population which inhabited East Asia in the Late Pleistocene, before the definition of the classic Mongoloid morphology.

Below: A skull belonging to a roughly 20-year-old Australoid woman that was unearthed in Brazil by the French archaeologist Annette Amperaire in 1971, nicknamed “Luzia”. Since Luzia's discovery, at least 50 similarly un-Mongoloid Palaeoamerican remains have been found in the Lagoa Santa area near where "Luzia" herself was found.

Reconstructed face of Luzia

They all seem to have been buried within a small area that may have been a cemetery. This raises the intriguing question of whether the Lagoa Santa population at this early time, was perhaps already settled in a specific area and perhaps were even no longer just hunter-gatherers.

Deep inside an underwater cave in Mexico, archaeologists may have discovered the oldest human skeleton ever found in the Americas. Dubbed Eva de Naharon, or Eve of Naharon, the female skeleton has been dated at 13,600 years old. If that age is accurate, the skeleton—along with three others found in underwater caves along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. DNA: Dr. Gonzalez,  John Moores University Liverpool, Archaeologist Annette Amperaire

Skeletal remains have been excavated over the past four years near the town of Tulum, about 80 miles southwest of Cancún, by a team of scientists led by Arturo González, director of the Desert Museum in Saltillo, Mexico. Clues from the skeletons' skulls hint that the people may not be of northern Asian descent, which would contradict the dominant theory of New World settlement.

That theory holds that ancient humans first came to North America from northern Asia via a now-submerged land bridge across the Bering Sea. "The shape of the skulls has led us to believe that Eva and the others have more of an affinity with people from South Asia than North Asia," González explained. The three other skeletons excavated in the caves have been given a date range of 11,000 to 14,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon dating. Tulum.

But at the time Eve of Naharon is believed to have lived there, sea levels were 200 feet (60 meters) lower, and the Yucatán Peninsula was a wide, dry prairie. The polar ice caps melted dramatically 8,000 to 9,000 years ago, causing sea levels to rise hundreds of feet and submerging the burial grounds of the skeletons.

Olmec Head

Stalactites and stalagmites then grew around the remains, preventing them from being washed out to sea. González has also found remains of elephants, giant sloths, and other ancient fauna in the caves. Fell's Cave is a rock shelter in the valley of the Chico River, not far from the Strait of Magellan in the Chilean part of the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago.

It was initially occupied by hunters around 10,000 B.C.E. who left behind an impressive layer of refuse which was sealed by hundreds of pounds of debris from the fall of the shelter overhang.

The hunter's refuse included fire-pots with the broken bones of native horse, sloth, and guanaco, as well as stone and bone tools. Among the stone tools were fishtail spear-points, a form of stone point found in many places in South America. Fishtail points are flaked bi-facially (that is, working on both sides) and have pronounced shoulders above a clearly shaped stem.

Some are fluted with small channels removed from the bottom. In 1936-37, the discoveries in Fell's Cave represented the first evidence of early humans in South America. Since then, older sites such as Monte Verde have been identified. The remains were found some 50 feet (15 meters) below sea level.

A Peruvian Woman around 200 BCE 

Chile: Monte Verde, Chile is a boggy stream-bed in which mastodon bones and wet preserved plant remains were found with a few stone tools, including three bi-pointed points and a crude bi-face. Monte Verde which was occupied some 14,500 years ago, provides a slightly different view of life for the early inhabitants of South America.

Due to the quality of preservation at Monte Verde, natural materials such as wood, fiber, and cordage remain. Even a human footprint has been found there. This range of artifacts crafted from perishable materials is typically lost to archaeologists.

Their preservation due to the extremely wet conditions at Monte Verde indicates that baskets, fishing nets, and tents made from hides were among the range of belongings used by the thirty or so people who lived there. These campers were likely able fishermen and gatherers of wild plants, which would have supplemented their diet of hunted animals.

They also crafted exquisite leaf-shaped spear-points. These weapons and hunting tools are not dissimilar from the examples from Fell's Cave, which suggests that the two sites, while separated in time by more than 4,000 years, were part of a long-standing and connected tradition of thriving in the new world.

Venezuela: At Taima Taima, an oil field site in northern Venezuela, fragmentary tools were found with cut mastodon bones in a spring where cultural and natural materials had become mixed.

Moche nose ornament

One tool is a bi-pointed style point. The ancient habitat was swampy, wooded, and subtropical. The radiocarbon dates range too widely for comfort - from about 41,000 to 12,000 B.P. Late Pleistocene people may have killed mastodon there, but exactly when is not certain.

In nearby Colombia, early pre-pottery sites have also been found, notably at El Jobo in Falcón, that date to about 14,920 B.C.E.

There carved stone was used for such objects as small pendants: shell and bone are also known to have been used. Some of these sites contain triangular points, while others have ground-stone tools. Food remains are tropical forest fruits and nuts. In the Andes highlands of Peru, early work had uncovered possible big-game kill sites dating to as early as 20,000 years ago, but these had no clear association with humans. Researchers: Arturo González. End of part 40f 4. Next blog 05/05/19. A 40 points summary of the main fact pertaining to America's history.

Entertainment Break: Spiritual Mix

Entertainment Break: All work and no play makes each of us a dull human-being. As we promised to educate and entertain. Too much education and not enough entertainment is bad for the soul. There are links to 9 music tracks below. These tracks are composed with the idea of something for everyone. There are over at least 30 different instruments incorporated into all the tracks.

Ninety-nine percent of the artwork was created using our own custom brushes, created via Adobe Photoshop. If you are a youtube subscriber, please subscribe, like and comment. Or just subscribe and like or comment, or just choose one of the 3 options. This is the best way to support this blog. If you are not a youtube subscriber you can still like, dislike or comment. The music Channel we are asking you to support is mainly to support this blog and our youtube history channel since all our researches are based purely on a voluntary basis. Thank you for your support. Enjoy it.

1.    Bells, Drums & Bass, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Jazz & Gangstar Beat 00:03:35:00
https://youtu.be/WhCSueMoXz8
1.    Hausa Jam, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Contemporary UK Garage & Jazz 00:04:45:58
https://youtu.be/JNP--ZxchzI
1.    Ondo Jam, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Jazz & Jam 00:04:39:59
https://youtu.be/uw4yNZLIHO4
1.    Downtown Jam, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Contemporary UK Garage, Movie Track, Jazz & Jam 00:07:27:16
https://youtu.be/HVtapGO8kq8
1.    Igbo Jam, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Dub, Contemporary UK Garage, Movie Track & Jam 00:04:04:00
https://youtu.be/p_VqSKPXXSo
1.    Idoani Jam, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Oxford Jam, 80 & 90s Style, Contemporary UK Garage, Movie Track & Jam 00:05:55:59
https://youtu.be/uhUxgGTf_sQ
1.    TicTac Jam, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Oxford Jam, 80 & 90s Style, Contemporary UK Garage, 00:05:11:59
https://youtu.be/W6PreMo3mxc
1.    Jazz Blast & Drums, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Oxford Jam, 80 & 90s Style, Jazz, 00:03:19:40
https://youtu.be/Tcp--vYc1Hg
1.    Charles II Jam, mixed by DJ Ramissis,  Oxford Jam, 80 & 90s Style, Jazz, 00:05:59:59
https://youtu.be/GIG6s5OrINA

Melanesian, New Guinea, Australians, DNA, Malaria, Africa

It appears that Melanesians originated from at least two migrations from Africa. The first migration involved a group of people who travelled to S.E Asia from Africa along the coastline of Southern Asia, starting 100,000 years ago. These people share their DNA with the Pygmies of the Congo area. Relics of this original population can be found on the Andaman Islands and in the highlands of New Guinea.

A Congolese Girl with Blue Eyes. Can you recognise the affinity between the Symbols on her face and Igbo Artifacts? 

As well as having common DNA markers, they brought with them the bow and arrow, Divination Systems and the Malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Another migration, possibly 75,000 years ago, were a people similar to the Vedda of India, Batak of Lake Toba, Australian Aborigine and Ainu as well as people who once lived in the far reaches of Tierra del Fuego. Can you recognise the affinity between the Symbols on her face and Igbo, Indus Valley and Sumerian Symbols?

The third migration of much taller Africans entered Melanesia, only 10,000 years ago, bringing with them the Malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, the bottle-gourd and jack bean. At this same time, there appeared a largely agricultural economy, with large irrigation canals, still visible today.

A New Guinea Woman

This was totally out of character with the technological development of the rest of New Guinea. Recent studies have shown a large number of African genes, amongst the people of the Amazon River, dating back to about 10,000 years.

This is associated with extensive agricultural earthworks and pottery. Both earthworks and pottery are similar to sites of ancient civilisations of a similar age in Africa, around areas such as Lake Chad.

Cultivated plants, including cotton, jack-beans, and the bottle-gourd, which appear to have reached South and Central America, from Africa before 7000 BCE, would have been essential for oceanic voyagers.

The cotton would have been used for rope and clothing, the jack beans for food and the Bottle-gourd (Large), for holding water and Palm-wine, as well as Bottle-gourd (Small), for holding plant medicine or magic potion. Schwerin1970; Simmonds 1976; Lathrap 1977.

Wendel, Schnabel, and Seelanan (1995) have now established the identity, through DNA sequences, of 26 chromosome cotton varieties grown both in Africa and in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, presumably a result of early human activity. This cotton is also found throughout the Pacific, yet the Polynesians don't use it. There also appears to be a possible connection between early African voyaging and the very early pottery of the lower Amazon (10,000-8,000 BCE) reported by Roosevelt et al. (1991) and Hoopes (1994).

Hoeppli (1969) identified African parasitic diseases that were present in early America and were able to distinguish them from those brought later by the slave trade. Some South American populations, especially the Ge groups of eastern Brazil, possess some seemingly African traits.

Malaria Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum

Recent studies on the Malaria parasite gene have shown that small populations of Plasmodium Falciparum appeared in Africa and spread around the world with migrating populations, as much as 100,000 years ago.

Both the parasite and the mosquito underwent rapid evolutions about 10,000 years ago, forming Plasmodium vivax, which ranges widely through Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas.

Their coincidence with the development of settled agricultural societies seems to be a telling clue to the history of the disease and the movement of men around the world.

It appears that early African Agriculturalists have gone further than just the Amazon River. 10,000 years ago they crossed the Isthmus of Panama and their adventurous spirit led them into the Pacific Ocean, following the sun, with the wind behind them and a favourable ocean current, they cruised into the heart of Melanesia, searching for a big river, they established themselves on mainland New Guinea up the Wahgi Valley.

Calabash Bottle Gourd, called "ADO" in the Yoruba Language

Bringing with them the Bottle-gourd, jack bean, Malaria, and advanced agricultural society. Mr Tim Denham, in excavating the Kuk Swamp, in the Upper Wahgi Valley in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, in 1998 and 1999 uncovered mounds of earth, dated to 7000-6400 years ago, that was designed to aerate soggy soil so that it could be used for planting in areas that were poorly drained.

This is a similar style of swamp farming used in the upper Amazon River, recently found by another team of archaeologists.

Just as the Amazon Indians never chose to continue the civilisation that came their way, neither did the Highlanders of New Guinea. In fact, most of these Melanesia still practice the religion of Ancestral worship and divination probably in its most ancient form. DNA: Wendel, Schnabel, and Seelanan; Roosevelt et al, Hoopes, Hoeppli
Archaeologist: Mr Tim Denham

England made its first successful efforts at colonization at the start of the 17th century for several reasons. During this era, English proto-nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion, assisted by a degree of Protestant militarism and the energy of Queen Elizabeth.

Malaria Life Cycle

At this time, however, there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire. Rather, the motivation behind the founding of colonies was piecemeal and variable. Practical considerations, such as commercial enterprise, overpopulation and the desire for freedom of religion, played their parts.

In June of 1606, King James I granted a charter to a group of London entrepreneurs, the Virginia Company, to establish a satellite English settlement in the Chesapeake region of North America.

By December, 104 settlers sailed from London instructed to settle Virginia, find gold, and seek a water route to the Orient. Some traditional scholars of early Jamestown history believe that those pioneers could not have been more ill-suited for the task. Because Captain John Smith identified about half of the group as "gentlemen".

On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony on the banks of the James River, 60 miles from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. While disease, famine, and continuing attacks of neighbouring Algonquians took a tremendous toll on the population, there were times when the Powhatan Indian trade revived the colony with food in exchange for glass beads, copper, and iron implements.

It appears that the eventual structured leadership of Captain John Smith kept the colony from dissolving. The "Starving Time" winter followed Smith's departure in 1609 during which only 60 of the original 214 settlers at Jamestown survived.

Jack Bean, Canavalia Ensiformis

That June, the survivors decided to bury cannon and armour and abandon the town. It was only the arrival of the new governor, Lord De La Ware, and his supply ships that brought the colonists back to the fort and the colony back on its feet.

Although the suffering did not totally end at Jamestown for decades, some years of peace and prosperity followed the wedding of Pocahontas, the favoured daughter of the Algonquian chief Powhatan, to tobacco entrepreneur John Rolfe. The first representative assembly in the New World convened in the Jamestown church on July 30, 1619. The General Assembly met in response to orders from the Virginia Company "to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia" which would provide "just laws for the happy guiding and governing of the people there inhabiting."

Banjar people of Borneo, the ancestors of the Malagasy and Comorian people

Also in August of 1619, the first Supposedly "documented Africans Slaves" were brought to Jamestown. There are many different stories about this "supposed" event: From PBS: "It is late summer: Out of a violent storm appears a Dutch ship. The ship's cargo hold is empty except for twenty or so Africans whom the captain and his crew have recently robbed from a Spanish ship. The captain exchanges the Africans for food then sets sail."

When digesting Caucasian type presented history, we must all use critical analysis: Question, what would colonists, who could barely feed themselves, want with 20 Slaves in August, when all that is left to do is the harvest? Slaves that they would have to feed over the winter, with little work done in return. If they put them in the fields, how would they keep them from running away?

Rungus Tribe of Borneo has a serious affinity with the Khoisan Tribes of Southern-Africa 

Crops take months to grow if they could hardly feed themselves, how would they feed 20 more mouths in the meantime - pure Caucasian nonsense. Better yet, a recently uncovered census shows that Blacks were present in Virginia before 1619 (DH consortium). Which of course means that Blacks were part of the original expedition. End of part 3 of 4. Next blog 28/04/19.