Thomas Cromwell, Oliver Cromwell, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Mary I

This is a 7 part article starting with Thomas Cromwell and his almost completed destruction of almost all the evidence of Black Rule in Britain. Followed by Caucasian type portraits of Black kings and Queens, in the British Library, and the physical description of and images of King Henry VIII, including Queen Mary I and Elizabeth I. Next an introduction to the House of Stuarts/Stewarts, Black Scottish aristocrats. All in this article.

Thomas Cromwell

It was Thomas Cromwell who destroyed almost all evidence of Black Rule in Britain? Article from the Daily Telegraph Media Group Limited Jan 2015. Main Quote: No one can be sure of the exact figure, but it is estimated that the destruction started and legalised by Cromwell amounted to 97% of the English art then in existence. Statues were hacked down. Frescoes were smashed to bits. Mosaics were pulverised. Illuminated manuscripts were shredded.

Wooden carvings were burned. Precious metalwork was melted down. Shrines were reduced to rubble. This vandalism went way beyond a religious reform. It was a frenzy, obliterating the artistic patrimony of centuries of indigenous craftsmanship with an intensity of hatred for imagery and depicting the divine that has strong and resonant parallels today.

The British Library
The British Library has thousands upon thousands of Illuminated Manuscripts, which look very old, of course, if Thomas Cromwell destroyed 97% of Britain's artifacts, then most of those manuscripts are FAKE, which of course they are. However, some are real, this we know because these contain Black people, the fakes, as would be expected, are completely devoid of Black people.

Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury

Although Henry VIII had severed the link between the Church of England and Rome, he never permitted the renunciation of Catholic doctrine or ceremony. It was during Edward's reign that Protestantism was established for the first time in England with reforms that included the abolition of clerical celibacy and the Mass and the imposition of compulsory services in English.

The architect of these reforms was Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, whose Book of Common Prayer has proved lasting. In February 1553, at age 15, Edward fell ill. When his sickness was discovered to be terminal, he and his Council drew up a "Devise for the Succession", attempting to prevent the country being returned to Catholicism. Edward named his cousin Lady Jane Grey as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth.

Mary I, House of Tudor, (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded Henry in 1547. By 1553, Edward was mortally ill and because of religious differences between them, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession.

Henry VIII at 12 years old

On his death, their cousin Lady Jane Grey was at first proclaimed queen. Mary assembled a force in East Anglia and successfully deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, and as a result, became queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.

 As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her brother.

During her five year reign, she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions. Her Protestant opponents gave her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her successor and a younger half-sister, Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I: Elizabeth I, House of Tudor, (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Mary I, House of Tudor

The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his half-sisters out of the succession.

His will was set aside, Lady Jane Grey was executed, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

In her book “Elizabeth the Queen”, Alison Weir describes the 25-year-old Elizabeth as: “Tall and slender, with a tiny waist, small bosom, and beautiful, long-fingered hands, which it pleased her vanity to display to advantage in a variety of affected poses. She had a swarthy complexion like that of her mother (Anne Boleyn). The Caucasian type narrators often like to use words that will cause confusion when discussing the race and appearance of non-Caucasians, so as to make them sound more Caucasian if they are important people. Such is the case with Queen Elizabeth I, who is described as swarthy: so first, let us clearly define swarthy.

Webster's: of a dark color, complexion, or cast. The etymology of swarthy: Alteration of swarthy, from swart +? -y, Old English sweart, "Black". In the book "Native Arctic tribes of the former Soviet Union" the Nenet people are described as Swarthy: Quote from the Nenets: "Due to dark pigmentation, hair and eyes are black or brown and the skin is swarthy.

Queen Elizabeth I, unknown artist 1575 AD

In appearance the Nenets resemble most the Ostyaks, displaying, however, more Mongoloid characteristics." Luckily we happen to have a picture of a Nenet boy, with this picture we can clearly see what the Albinos mean when they say "Swarthy".

For those who find the page picture above hard to read, here is what it says:

Elizabeth - She has a swarthy, "Olive" complexion like that of her mother, although she made a habit of Whitening it with a lotion made up of egg-whites, powdered eggshell, poppy seeds, borax, and alum, which made her face appear White and luminous. From her father, she had her red naturally curly hair.

As we can see from that quote, the writer Alison Weir is trying to confuse us by using the term "Olive" complexion, which hankers back to the mythical "Mediterranean" race.

Well, the fact is that Olives are Green or Black, no Humans have Green Skin, and those so-called modern "Mediterranean's" are the Mulattoes of the many Caucasian invaders of North Africa and the middle East. Below are two pictures of Mary Queen of Scots - also with that "Naturally Curly Hair". Black people call it "Kinky" hair - they ought to know. We won't even bother with why the portraits of Henry VIII show no sign of curly hair.

Nenet Boy

Much has been made of Elizabeth's so-called "Licence to Deport Black People" found in Tudor Royal Proclamations, vol. 3, pp. 221-2 (c. January 1601). As usual, the Albinos busy themselves creating bogus race history.

By crude translation, the Proclamation calls for those Blackamoors (North African Muslims - whose religion is mentioned: called "Infidels, having no understanding of Christ or his Gospel"), of ten in number, brought into the country by Sir Thomas Baskerville, be gathered up and transported to Spain in exchange for English prisoners being held there.

Somehow, by Caucasian imagination or collusion, that came to be Elizabeth trying to get rid of Blacks in Britain. Of course, that is exactly what would happen later, when the Black Stuart's claim the crown.
Background: Sir Thomas Baskerville was commander of Queen Elizabeth’s troops in Picardy and served in the Netherlands, Spain, and Indies. He was also an Admiral and fought the Spanish on the Spanish Main with Sir Francis Drake, with whom he quarreled and parted company. There is extant a letter from Elizabeth I thanking him for his services.

Ann Boleyn

The Country Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Ireland, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Great Britain and Ancestral house Clan Stewart. Titles:

High Steward of Scotland, Earl of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, Earl of Moray, Marquess of Bute, King of Scots, King of England, King of Ireland and Queen of Great Britain. Founder: Robert II of Scotland. The House of Stuart/Stewart)

Final sovereign: Anne of Great Britain. Current head: Extinct and Founding 1371. Cadet branches: Stewarts of Appin, Steuart of Ballechin, Stewarts of Castle Stewart, Stewarts of Galloway, Stewarts of Ardvorlich and Stewart of Darnley.

The House of Stuart (previously spelled Stewart) is a European royal house. Founded by Robert II of Scotland, the Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland.

Their patrilineal ancestors (from Brittany) had held the title High Steward of Scotland since the 12th century, after arriving by way of Norman England.

The dynasty inherited further territory by the 17th century which covered the entire British Isles, including the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland, also upholding a claim to the Kingdom of France.

Tomb of Marjory, mother of Robert II, Paisley Abbey, Scotland

Reminder: There is another old word used by the Anglo-Saxons to denote black or brown-black the word sweart.

The personal names Suart and Sueart (Stuart/Stewart) may have been derived from this word and may have originally denoted people of a dark-brown or black complexion.

The so-called black men of the Anglo-Saxon period probably included some of the darker Wendish people among them, immigrants or descendants of people of the same race as the ancestors of the Sorbs (Wends) of Lausatia (a region on the territory of Germany and Poland) on the borders of Saxony and Prussia at the present day (Germany). Some of the darker Wends may well have been among the Black Vikings referred to in the Irish annals.

End of part 1 of 7. Next blog 26/12/18, Part 2: House of Stuart/Stewart, Stuarty or Swarthy (Black or Brown) and the background history of Black Scottish and Irish Indentures to the Caribbean and America.

Multicultural London, DNA, Gladiator, Mansell Street Man, Harper Road Woman

A DNA study has confirmed that London was an ethnically diverse city from its very beginnings, BBC News has learned. The analysis reveals what some of the very first Londoners looked like and where they came from. These initial results come from four people: two had origins from outside Europe, another was from continental Europe and one was a native Briton.The researchers plan to analyse more of the 20,000 human remains stored at the Museum of London. According to Caroline McDonald, who is a senior curator at the museum, London was a cosmopolitan city from the moment it was created following the Roman invasion 2,000 years ago.

BBC News Article

"The thing to remember with the original Londoners is that they were not born here. Every first-generation Londoner was from somewhere else - whether it was somewhere else in Britain, somewhere else on the continent, somewhere else in the Mediterranean, somewhere else from Africa," she said. "So the stories we can tell about our ancient population are absolutely relevant to modern contemporary London because these are our stories - these are people just like us."

Working with scientists at Durham University and an ancient DNA lab at McMaster University in Canada, museum researchers were able to reconstruct the DNA of four individuals. They come from a collection of 20,000 human remains from London stretching back 5,500 years. Further analyses will greatly add to our knowledge of the history of the city and enable researchers to view events through the eyes of people that lived in it at the time, according to Ms McDonald.

A Daily Mail Article, a UK Newspaper

"Their stories are written in their bones and these were stories we did not realise until we did this scientific analysis," she told BBC News. The Lant Street teenager: The most complete skeleton studied was that of a 14-year-old girl, who the museum curators have named "The Lant Street teenager". Analysis of her DNA and chemicals in her teeth show that she grew up in North Africa. Her mitochondrial DNA lineage (passed down on the maternal line only) is common in southern and Eastern Europe. At first, very reluctant to print the article but once published, they never repeat or promote their publication knowing fully well that the general members of the public has a very short memory indeed.

A Black girl with curly long hair and Blue Eyes

The teenager had blue eyes and yet there were things about her skeleton that suggested some she had Sub-Saharan African ancestry. Like many people living in the capital today, she had travelled a long distance to be in London. Archaeologists build up a picture of individuals from the belongings they are buried with.

But "The Mansell Street man" was found with nothing. According to Dr Rebecca Redfern, another Museum of London curator, until the emergence of new ancient DNA and chemical analysis techniques, these were the people who had slipped through the cracks of history.

"Most of the human remains in our collection don't have any coffin plates or any sort of biographical information, so by doing these types of studies we are able to show where people came from and learn more about them as a person, about aspects of their physical appearance, and so we can really give people back their voices," she said. The analysis showed that Mansell Street man was over 45 years old with very dark brown hair and brown eyes. His mitochondrial DNA line was from North Africa and his remains show African traits as well.

However, the chemical make-up of his teeth shows he grew up in London. His skeleton indicates that he had a form of bone disease that today is associated with diabetes caused by a protein-rich diet. That has come as a huge surprise to researchers because in modern populations this is a disease that mostly afflicts white males from the West.

A Black boy with Blue Eyes

So the discovery will be of great interest to medical researchers. This man was possibly a gladiator. His skull was found in a pit along with the heads of 38 other men aged between 18 and 45 - all of whom had met a violent end. This particular individual was 36-45 when he died.

He had suffered serious injuries to his skull that had healed, so he had led a violent life up to his death. His mother's ancestral line is common in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

The Gladiator was not born in London, but he met a tragic end in the city. His head was removed from his body and probably left exposed in these pits for passers-by to see.

The Harper Road woman: "The Harper Road" woman was a first-generation Londoner. She had brown hair and brown eyes and died a handful of years after the city had been settled - shortly after Britain had been invaded by the Roman Empire in AD 43. She is buried with Roman pottery and belongings. When researchers checked the chemicals in her teeth, they confirmed she had been born in Britain. Ms McDonald was intrigued by the fact that a native Briton adopted a Roman lifestyle within a few years of the conquest.

"What this is telling us is that people's identities were very, very fluid... her family wanted to portray a certain Roman style of identity. The Harper Road woman would have adapted her identity depending on who she was meeting - the way that we all do," she said.

A Black boy with Brown Eyes and Straight Hair

An added twist to the Harper Road woman's tale is that her chromosomes show that she was genetically a male - even though physically she was a woman - another feature that will intrigue modern-day researchers.

Waiting in the wings are thousands more people in the Museum of London's store house that the researchers are eager to learn more about. Next on their list are more Roman Londoners, then a group of Napoleonic soldiers and marines that were buried in Greenwich, followed by a group of medieval monks.

"We would like to do an awful lot more because everyone has their own story to tell - so the more people we are able to analyse the more stories we can tell about London," says Dr Redfern.

The research, and skeletons used for analysis will form a new display at the Museum of London opening on 27 November 2015. Please compare the information above; with historical information the British were teaching just twenty years ago. A person of reasonable intelligence would say that they bear no relation. So where did the British get the information that they "USED" to teach?
Like ALL Glorified Caucasian type History; THEY SIMPLY MADE IT UP! Fake portraits/artifacts and all!

Black boy with Kinky Cotton Wool Hair and Blue Eyes

Why aren’t David MacRitchie’s works prominently displayed and referenced here? Simple – his use of the words Fairies and Gypsies. David MacRitchie (1851-1925) was a Scottish folklorist and antiquarian.

David MacRitchie was a prominent proponent of the euhemeristic origin of fairies, a theory that considers fairies in British folklore to have been rooted in a historical pygmy, dwarf or short sized aboriginal race, that lived during Neolithic Britain or even earlier.

This is perfectly in keeping with the thinking of many anthropologists’ that the first African explorers/settlers of the world were diminutive people, i.e. Pygmies.

In his Book “Ancient and Modern Britons” MacRitchie asserts that the Gypsies were not of foreign origin, but were in fact the more conservative element of the native British population who had retained their nomadic way of life while the majority adopted a settled lifestyle. He further claimed that the ancient Britons were a dark-skinned people.

Ancient clay figure found at Hibernia Wharf London, undated

Many recent genetic studies have proved MacRitchie right on that and many other issues. But his use of the words, Fairies and Gypsies, so opens his works and theories to in-credulousness by the ignorant, and malicious derisiveness by those wishing to maintain the historical lies of the Albino people, that it didn’t seem to be worthwhile to use his work.

uotes of MacRitchie: MacRitchie believed that blacks were the original inhabitants of Northern Europe especially in Scandinavia, Wales, Scotland and Ireland going into the Middle Ages. He list numerous Vikings who he believes to be black.

"So that the Picts Proper and the Black Danes, being both Moors and both being "black strangers" or dubh galls, in the sight of the white races of Britain..." page 201, "Accepting this conclusion, then as, in the main, correct, we have before us undeniable evidence - historical and ethnological - of the immemorial presence of the blacks in this country [Great Britain] page 157-158:

"We know that the first inhabitants of Britain and more especially those of the northern parts, were craniologically of a type approaching to the Negro or the Australian race" Page 7-8, "The black herds of Scots and Picts' were all alike to British Gildas Page 216, "Therefore, it becomes evident that some race of Scandinavians must have been Black Huns also, with physical characteristics approaching those of the Pictish Moors... Page 110, "...yet there is word-evidence in our Islands [Great Britain], as elsewhere, of a time when a conquered race was of black colour."

A Copper Bust 

Page 37: "That the wild tribes of Ireland were black men is hinted by the fact that "a wild Irishmen" is in Gaelic "a black Irishman" (Dubh Eireannach). Left, a copper bust of a deity, possibly Mirnerva, found at the west Cambridge site, Cambridge England, UK, Roman period.

And that some of the natives of Scotland, as well as of England, were of this race also is evident when one remembers that, according to Skene, the powerful tribe of the Damnonii, which was the chief of the Maeatae, or marsh-dwellers, who were a part of the Picti or Caledonii, were probably relations of their namesakes of South-Western Britain; which indeed is almost a certainty, if nomenclature goes for anything" Page 45: Publications by MacRitchie include:

Ancient and Modern Britons, a Retrospect, 1884, Accounts of the Gypsies of India, 1886, The Testimony of Tradition, 1890, The Ainos, 1892, The Underground Life, 1892, Fians, Fairies and Picts, 1893, Scottish Gypsies under the Stewarts 1894, Pygmies in Northern Scotland, 1892, Some Hebridean Antiquities, 1895, Diary of a Tour through Great Britain, (editor) 1897,

The Northern Trolls, 1898, Memories of the Picts, 1900, Underground Dwellings, 1900, Fairy Mounds, 1900 Shelta, the Caird's Language, 1901, Hints of Evolution in Tradition, 1902, The Arctic Voyage of 1653, 1909,Celtic Civilisation, No date, Druids and Mound Dwellers, 1910, Les Pygmies chez les, Anciens Egyptiens et les Hebreux (with S.T.H. Horowitz), 1912, Les kayaks dans le nord de l'Europe, 1912, Great and Little Britain, 1915, The Celtic Numerals of Strathclyde, 1915, The Duns of the North, 1917, The Savages of Gaelic Tradition, 1920, The Aborigines of Shetland and Orkney, 1924. Left: A Copper Bust of a Deity, possible (Minerva?) fount at the West Cambridge site, Cambridge, England UK. Roman Period.

Egyptians, Sumerians, Mohenjo-daroans, Harappans, and Cretans, Elamites, and Nubians, were literate 3,000 years, 4,000 years, who knows how many thousands of years, before the world ever heard of Greeks or Romans. And there is ample evidence of their literacy.

Statue Head from Benwell, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England Uk, a Roman fort

Yet there is not one single entry: describing any of the people of their times, whether it be friends, foes, or invaders: or even more incredulously, there is not one single entry describing invading Whites in any of their literature.

Contrast that with Greek and Roman writings, in which these NEWLY literate people, after suffering through the "Dark ages" caused by the Caucasian invasion, describe EVERYTHING and EVERYONE - except themselves!

These discrepancies are of course, not accidental, nor for lack of material. Hopefully, the Caucasian type historians has simply withheld these material, and not destroyed them.

We are lied-to and oppressed, often comfort ourselves by believing that things are getting better, and perhaps in some ways that is so.

But in regards to the Caucasian-isation of Black history, well, in that regard things are definitely getting worst!

It comes as a shock to some, that the current, and very false assertion by the Caucasian type historians that they are native to Europe, is NEW!

Surprisingly, many eminent Caucasian scholars of only a hundred years ago, freely admitted that Caucasian types, MOVED into Europe, and were NOT native to those lands. While they were in error on other things, some even correctly identified the Caucasian type homeland as Central Asia. The end of part 4 of 4. Next blog 23/12/18: Thomas Cromwell, House of Stuarts, Indentures, Black Jacobite, Black Irish and Hebrews from West Africa in the Caribbean and America. It is a 5 part articles.

Black People, Cheddar Man, Lant Street Teenager, Caucasians, Colour, DNA

Just as the Status Quo Historians were lying BEFORE with their first mock-up of Cheddar Man man as a Caucasian, they are lying again with their assertion that Cheddar Man had "Straight Hair and Blue Eyes": (falsely added to indicate some commonality with European  Caucasian type). First he was exclusively modelled as a Caucasian type, with brown eyes, and then changed his colour from white or light pink to brown and his eyes to blue. These changes are necessary due to an advance scientific technique specifying his colour and race. Note: The hair hasn't change much.

Cheddar Man a deceptive Reconstructions

These are the (OCA) genes scientists use to determine the RACE of ancient remains. If the remains have any of them, then he MAY HAVE BEEN "WHITE". NONE of which does Cheddar Man have. As you can plainly see, these genes all have to do with Albinism, which of course is what Europeans are. However, Cheddar Man is DECLARED BLACK because he "LACKS" THE MUTATED "SKIN COLOR GENES" of Europeans. Therefore, the only truthful way to say that he had straight hair (which is what their mock-up shows), and Blue eyes: would be to compare his genes to the genes of modern Blacks like these: Which they have not done.

Modern day Khoisan, the ancestors of Grimaldi and many  Europeans

Point being that to promote, assert, educate and indoctrinate the theory of pure European Caucasians type, inhabiting Europe during pre-historic and ancient times, they have consistently lie, to include themselves in ancient History, but so far they have found no place for themselves. As a matter of fact, they have no idea when they first come into existence.

Since the oldest European Caucasian type remains are NOT in Europe or Africa, but rather the Tarim Mummies in Asia, which are only from 2,800 B.C.

A Falsified Depiction of an Ancient Hunter-Gatherer

It may be that the people now in Europe, may have existed for only a few thousand years, before they first invaded/migrated to Europe c. 1,200 B.C.

The more radical Black theorists postulate that it may have been a cosmic event like a Comet exploding overhead, or an unusually strong Solar Storm, which may have adversely effected the genes of ancient man, causing some Black peoples genes to mutate into the condition we find today in the European and Albino Mongols.

There are Zero "0" skeletons of ancient Pure Caucasian Race in Europe: So what does the above prove, and establish beyond doubt? a (Blacks were the original settlers of Europe, b) Most Caucasian and many Black people who had been taught about ancient White race in Europe are delusional people, with a degenerate propensity for lying. However some who knew better do not.

Why and how Did People Become White? Heather Whipps, September 01, 2009

QUOTE: Vitamin D plays an important role in bone growth and the body's natural protection against certain diseases, and the inability to absorb enough in areas of less-powerful sunlight would have decreased life expectancy in our African ancestors. The further north they trekked, the more vitamin D they needed and the lighter they got over the generations, due to natural selection.

Also: While people of all skin types have the ability to produce the same amount of vitamin D in their systems, “highly pigmented (Black) people will need to stay in the sun around 6 times longer than light people in order to synthesis the same amount of vitamin D,” Juzeniene said, and a lack of the vitamin — something occurring among many American children right now, partly because they don't get out much — can make humans more susceptible to everything from heart disease to internal cancers. Heather Whipps writes about history, anthropology and health for Live Science.

Heather Whipps

The image on the top right: I referred to as the 6 D, Deceitful, Deceptive, Dishonest, Disgusting, Dumb and Dubious. It is Dumb and Dubious on the part of both the publisher and the researcher whose illustrations are based on ignorance and arrogance of the Status Quo version of European history.

It is Deceitful, Deceptive, Dishonest and Disgusting because we had been programmed, and still being programmed that the ancient European would have looked like this. As we are being educated, we are also being indoctrinated. So, when you confront people with the alternative, they immediately suffer from cognitive dissonance.

She received her Diploma of College Studies in Social Sciences from John Abbott College and a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology from McGill University, both in Quebec. That is of course "Pure" lie: In the last century, cases of Rickets (often caused by lack of Vitamin D) was epidemic in Europe and North America. So much so, that they had to start adding Vitamin D in the manufacture of their Milk and Cereals.

THE REASON FOR SUCH RIDICULOUS STATEMENTS AND LIES IS THIS: If Africans went into Europe circa 45,000 B.C. and STAYED Black. Then modern Europeans MUST have ALWAYS been WHITE! This drawing depicting a "Dark White Man" is of course the typical status quo historians and researchers falsification of history and science. The fact is that YOU CAN NOT do a Forensic Facial Reconstruction by "DRAWING" it! Making a facial reconstruction can "ONLY" be done by a doctor of physical and forensic anthropology with extensive training in anatomy (both medical and artistic).

The Ivory Bangle Lady, York UK,  350 AD

These facial reproductions draw on the science behind the morphology (shape) of the face as well as a knowledge of materials. Reconstructions start with a SKULL (or mold) and includes laboriously using "shaped" clay to fill-in for Muscles and tissue (including skin) on the skull until it is complete. Only after this process is complete, can you see what the individual might have looked like.

A Black girl with Blue Eyes and curly long hair

Hunter-gatherers, some of them blue-eyed, who came from Africa more than 40,000 years ago They would have looked like THIS: A mysterious population whose range may have spanned northern Europe and Siberia.

We have no idea who that could be, unless they are talking about "Modern" Europeans AFTER they had migrated from Central Asia. Researchers plan to analyse more of the 20,000 human remains stored at the Museum of London.

According to Caroline McDonald, who is a senior curator at the museum, London was a cosmopolitan city from the moment it was created following the Roman invasion 2,000 years ago.

Working with scientists at Durham University and an ancient DNA lab at McMaster University in Canada, museum researchers were able to reconstruct the DNA of four individuals so far.

 The Lant Street teenager
The most complete skeleton studied was that of a 14-year-old girl, who the museum curators have named "The Lant Street teenager". Analysis of her DNA and chemicals in her teeth show that she grew up in North Africa. Her mitochondrial DNA lineage (passed down on the maternal line only) is common in southern and Eastern Europe. The teenager had blue eyes and yet there were things about her skeleton that suggested she had Sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Skeleton of the Lant Street Teenager

The Mansell Street man
The analysis showed that Mansell Street man was over 45 years old with very dark brown hair and brown eyes. His mitochondrial DNA line was from North Africa and his remains show African traits as well. However, the chemical make-up of his teeth shows he grew up in London. His skeleton indicates that he had a form of bone disease that today is associated with diabetes caused by a protein-rich diet. That has come as a huge surprise to researchers because in modern populations this is a disease that mostly afflicts white males from the West. So the discovery will be of great interest to medical researchers.

Backbone of The Mansell Street man

The Gladiator
His skull was found in a pit along with the heads of 38 other men aged between 18 and 45 - all of whom had met a violent end. This particular individual was 36-45 when he died. He had suffered serious injuries to his skull that had healed, so he had led a violent life up to his death. His mother's ancestral line is common in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The Gladiator was not born in London, but he met a tragic end in the city. His head was removed from his body and probably left exposed in these pits for passers-by to see.

The Gladiator's Skull

The Harper Road woman
"The Harper Road" woman was a first-generation Londoner. She had brown hair and brown eyes and died a handful of years after the city had been settled - shortly after Britain had been invaded by the Roman Empire in AD 43. She is buried with Roman pottery and belongings.

Remains of The Harper Road Woman

When researchers checked the chemicals in her teeth, they confirmed she had been born in Britain. Ms McDonald was intrigued by the fact that a native Briton adopted a Roman lifestyle within a few years of the conquest. An added twist to the Harper Road woman's tale is that her chromosomes show that she was genetically a male - even though physically she was a woman - another feature that will intrigue modern-day researchers. Next blog 21/12/18. End of part 3 of 4. To be continue---

Multicultural Europe, Culture, Beaker, Celtic, Hallstatt

The "Beaker" Culture:
The Bell-Beaker culture ca. 2800 – 1900 B.C, is the term for a widely scattered cultural phenomenon of prehistoric western Europe starting in the late Neolithic or Chalcolithic running into the early Bronze Age. The term was coined by John Abercromby, based on their distinctive pottery drinking vessels. Beaker culture is defined by the common use of a pottery style — a beaker with a distinctive inverted bell-shaped profile found across the western part of Europe during the late 3rd millennium B.C. The pottery is well-made, usually red or red-brown in colour, and ornamented with horizontal bands of incised, excised or impressed patterns.

Bell - Beaker Ware

The early Bell Beakers have been described as "International" in style, as they are found in all areas of the Bell Beaker culture. These include cord-impressed types, such as the "All Over Corded" (or "All Over Ornamented"), and the "Maritime" type, decorated with bands filled with impressions made with a comb or cord. Later characteristic regional styles developed.

It has been suggested that the beakers were designed for the consumption of alcohol and that the introduction of the substance to Europe may have fueled the beakers' spread. Beer and mead content have been identified from certain examples. However, not all Beakers were drinking cups.

Some were used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores, others have some organic residues associated with food, and still others were employed as funerary urns. Beakers may have been a special form of pottery with a ritual character. Many theories of the origins of the Bell Beakers have been put forward and subsequently challenged. The Iberian peninsula has been argued as the most likely place of Beaker origin. The oldest AOO shards have so far been found in northern Portugal. Bell Beaker is often suggested as a candidate for an early Indo-European culture or, more specifically, an ancestral proto-Celtic or proto-Italic (Italo-Celtic) culture.

Hallstatt, Salzkammergut, Austria

There is evidence of a relatively large scale disruption of cultural patterns which some scholars think may indicate an invasion (or at least a migration) into Southern Great Britain c. the 12th century B.C.

This disruption was felt far beyond Britain, even beyond Europe, as most of the great Near Eastern empires collapsed (or experienced severe difficulties) and the Sea Peoples harried the entire Mediterranean basin around this time.

Some scholars consider that the Celtic languages arrived in Britain at this time, but the more generally accepted view is that Celtic origins lie with the Hallstatt culture.

The "Hallstatt" culture
The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture, centred in Germany, from the 8th to 6th centuries B.C. (European Early Iron Age), developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century B.C. (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of Central Europe by the La Tène culture.

Art from Hallstatt Culture

By the 6th century B.C, the Halstatt culture extended for some 1000 km, from the Champagne-Ardenne in the west, through the Upper Rhine and the upper Danube, as far as the Vienna Basin and the Danubian Lowland in the east, from the Main, Bohemia and the Little Carpathians in the north, to the Swiss plateau, the Salzkammergut and to Lower Styria.

It is named for its type site, Hallstatt, a lakeside village in the Austrian Salzkammergut southeast of Salzburg. The culture is commonly linked to Proto-Celtic and Celtic populations in its western zone and with pre-Illyrians in its eastern zone.

The Bronze Age (around 2200 to 750 B.C.)
This period can be sub-divided into an earlier phase (2300 to 1200) and a later one (1200 – 700). Beaker pottery appears in England around 2475–2315 B.C. along with flat axes and burial practices of inhumation. With the revised Stonehenge chronology, this is after the Sarsen Circle and trilithons were erected at Stonehenge. Believed to be of Iberian origin, (modern day Spain and Portugal.

Beaker techniques brought to Britain the skill of refining metal. At first the users made items from copper, but from around 2,150 B.C, smiths had discovered how to make bronze (which was much harder than copper) by mixing copper with a small amount of tin. With this discovery, the Bronze Age arrived in Britain.

Celtic Culture of the Bronze age

Over the next thousand years, bronze gradually replaced stone as the main material for tool and weapon making. The Beaker people were also skilled at making ornaments from gold, silver, copper, and examples of these have been found in graves of the wealthy Wessex culture of Central Southern Britain. Because of their close proximity to the actual crossing place for Africans entering Europe (Gibraltar), the Grimaldi skeletons of Monaco, which were described as resembling the Khoisan, are more likely the oldest human skeletons in Europe. End of part 2 of 4. To be continued---
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