Chile: Monte Verde, South America

Skeletal remains has been excavated over the past four years near the town of Tulum, about 80 miles southwest of Cancún, by a team of scientists led by Arturo González, director of the Desert Museum in Saltillo, Mexico. Clues from the skeletons' skulls hint that the people may not be of northern Asian descent, which would contradict the dominant theory of New World settlement.

That theory holds that ancient humans first came to North America from northern Asia via a now submerged land bridge across the Bering Sea. "The shape of the skulls has led us to believe that Eva and the others have more of an affinity with people from South Asia than North Asia," González explained.

The three other skeletons excavated in the caves have been given a date range of 11,000 to 14,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon dating. Tulum. But at the time Eve of Naharon is believed to have lived there, sea levels were 200 feet (60 meters) lower, and the Yucatán Peninsula was a wide, dry prairie. The polar ice caps melted dramatically 8,000 to 9,000 years ago, causing sea levels to rise hundreds of feet and submerging the burial grounds of the skeletons.

Stalactites and stalagmites then grew around the remains, preventing them from being washed out to sea. González has also found remains of elephants, giant sloths, and other ancient fauna in the caves. Fell's Cave is a rock shelter in the valley of the Chico River, not far from the Strait of Magellan in the Chilean part of the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago. It was initially occupied by hunters around 10,000 B.C.E. who left behind an impressive layer of refuse which was sealed by hundreds of pounds of debris from the fall of the shelter overhang.

The hunter's refuse included fire-pots with the broken bones of native horse, sloth, and guanaco, as well as stone and bone tools. Among the stone tools were fishtail spear-points, a form of stone point found in many places in South America. Fishtail points are flaked bi-facially (that is, worked on both sides) and have pronounced shoulders above a clearly shaped stem. Some are fluted with small channels removed from the bottom. In 1936-37, the discoveries in Fell's Cave represented the first evidence of early humans in South America. Since then, older sites such as Monte Verde have been identified.

The remains were found some 50 feet (15 meters) below sea level in the caves off

Chile: Monte Verde, Chile: is a boggy stream-bed in which mastodon bones and wet preserved plant remains were found with a few stone tools, including three bi-pointed points and a crude bi-face. Monte Verde which was occupied some 14,500 years ago, provides a slightly different view of life for the early inhabitants of South America. Due to the quality of preservation at Monte Verde, natural materials such as wood, fiber, and cordage remain. Even a human footprint has been found there. This range of artifacts crafted from perishable materials is typically lost to archaeologists.

Their preservation due to the extremely wet conditions at Monte Verde indicate that baskets, fishing nets, and tents made from hides were among the range of belongings used by the thirty or so people who lived there. These campers were likely able fishermen and gatherers of wild plants, which would have supplemented their diet of hunted animals. They also crafted exquisite leaf-shaped spear-points. These weapons and hunting tools are not dissimilar from the examples from Fell's Cave, which suggests that the two sites, while separated in time by more than 4,000 years, were part of a long-standing and connected tradition of thriving in the new world.

Venezuela: At Taima Taima, an oil field site in northern Venezuela, fragmentary tools were found with cut mastodon bones in a spring where cultural and natural materials had become mixed. One tool is a bi-pointed style point. The ancient habitat was swampy, wooded, and subtropical. The radiocarbon dates range too widely for comfort - from about 41,000 to 12,000 B.P. Late Pleistocene people may have killed mastodon there, but exactly when is not certain.

In nearby Colombia, early pre-pottery sites have also been found, notably at El Jobo in Falcón, that date to about 14,920 B.C.E. There carved stone was used for such objects as small pendants: shell and bone are also known to have been used. Some of these sites contain triangular points, while others have ground-stone tools. Food remains are tropical forest fruits and nuts. In the Andes highlands of Peru, early work had uncovered possible big-game kill sites dating to as early as 20,000 years ago, but these had no clear association with humans.

Researchers: Arturo González 

Oshuru, Osiris, Shrine, Igbo

Dun, Duni, Dunu, Utu Lejja, Nsukka

Zachariah Sitchen reveals that the Sumerian term Dun/Duni (which survives to this day in Dunu Oka village in Lejja) is equivalent to the Assyrian word Ka’ini (the root of the word Canaan), and that Sumerian and Assyrian texts maintained that “Ashur is the Lord of Duni”.

Duni is of course a reference to Dunu Oka, and Ashur is the title of Egyptian god Osiris and the origin of his name. Osiris is the Sun Disc.

He is represented in the ancient Dunu Oka Shrine with the Sun disc symbol called Oshuru. Oshuru is thus the original word/concept from which Osiris derives his name. Ralph Ellis in Eden in Egypt, notes that Ashura means ‘Sacred Groove” or Shrine.

This is in keeping with the fact that Oshuru is the most sacred part of the Dunu Oka Shrine. It is indeed a mound of iron slag covering the Hidden Hole that leads into what the native priests call a “bottomless pit” – which no doubt is the Underground Duat of Osiris and Atum.

The name of the first of the two magical Trees - Utu Udeleigwe means ‘Utu – the Vulture of the Sky’. This cannot be a coincidence, rather it implies that the sacred tree with that name is actually a totem representative of the god Utu himself.

Also the name of the god Adad occurs in Lejja in the female form of Adada, who is the main deity female of Lejja. Her shrine is not far removed from the Dunu Oka Shrine.

Therefore the “House of Shamash” located in the “Place of Palms” referred to by Biblical prophet Amos, is Lejja in Nsukka, Enugu state. The reference to this place as a place of palms is self-explanatory. Igbo land, Eastern Nigeria is the traditional home of the palm tree. It is an interesting revelation that this place is referred to in Jeremiah as the “Houses of the Gods of Egypt”. Edwin Eme Okafor, "Economy and Politics: Factors of Technological Change in Nsukka Bloomery."

Egyptian Edfu Texts say unequivocally that the oldest evidence of iron smelting in Egyptian records was that conducted by the God Horus in a hidden place called UaUa in the land of Khennu. Horus was said to have established a hidden iron smelting industry in the territory of a man called Khennu, in the UaUa region in the Southern lands, far away from Egypt, where he forged weapons for his war with Seth.

This is recorded in Egyptian history as having taken place around 8,970 BCE, during the wars of Horus and Seth.

In the 363rd year of his reign Ra-Harmakhis I was in Nubia with his army with the intention of destroying those who had conspired against him; because of their conspiracy (auu) Nubia is called "Uaua" to this day.

From Nubia Ra-Harmakhis sailed down the river to Edfu, where Heru-Behutet entered his boat, and told him that his foes were conspiring against him. Ra-Harmakhis in answer addressed Heru-Behutet as his son, and commanded him to set out without delay and slay the wicked rebels. Then Heru-Behutet took the form of a great winged Disk, and at once flew up into the sky, where he took the place of Ra, the old Sun-god. "Uaua" does not equate to "Nubia."

Horus was said to have established a hidden iron smelting industry in the territory of a man called Khennu, in the UaUa region in the Southern lands, far away from Egypt, where he forged weapons for his war with Seth.

Nri/Eshin/Obatala

It is not a coincidence that Wawa and Nkannu are the aboriginal clan-names of people of Nsukka and people of Enugu state! This is recorded in Egyptian history as having taken place around 8,970 BCE, during the wars of Horus and Seth! Further evidence that Enugu State smelters were well known in world mythology is the fact recorded by Prof Afigbo in Nri mythology that when Eri came into Igbo land, the land was soaked with water, but God advised Eri to employ an Oka smith to dry the land with his bellows.

Egyptians called Khemennu (Oke mmannu, shortened to Khe’nnu/Khennu - Nkannu) and whom the rest of the world called ‘gods’ for want of a better term.

A Chi Shrine

These ape-men Khemennu were the Ndi Ushi of Igbo land. Their population was mostly dwarfs, who were also associated with metallurgy throughout antiquity. Africa’s most renowned archaeologist Felix Chami of the University of Dares Salaam wrote that the dwarfs, known throughout antiquity as the Neshi/Nehsi (Igbo Nshi) were Black Africans who served a hidden god of sun and fire known as Vul-can (a derivative of Nkannu).

These Nehsi, Chami argued, were “the founders of Egyptian civilization”, and the Egyptians and Greeks called them Pancheans.  

That the Khemennu were known in Egyptian Book of the Dead as ape-men, on the one hand and as gods on the other – Primeval Ancestors of man and gods - tells the primitive African origin of Canaan and connects him with Nkannu clan.

Archaeologist: Felix Chami
Researchers: Prof Catherine Achonolu, Zachariah Sitchen, Prof Afigbo
Books: Ralph Ellis, Eden in Egypt, Edwin Eme Okafor, "Economy and Politics: Factors of Technological Change in Nsukka Bloomery."

Ancient Mexico, Brazil, DNA, Luzia

Tests on skulls found in Mexico suggest they are almost 13,000 years old - and shed fresh light on how humans colonised the Americas. The human skulls are the oldest tested so far from the continent, and their shape is set to inflame further a controversy over native American burial rights. Mexico appears to have been a crossroads for people spreading across the Americas.

The skulls were analysed by a scientist from John Moores University in Liverpool, UK, with help from teams in Oxford and Mexico itself. They came from a collection of 27 skeletons of early humans kept at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.

These were originally discovered more than 100 years ago in the area surrounding the city. The latest radiocarbon dating techniques allow dating to be carried out on tiny quantities of bone, although the process is expensive. Dr Silvia Gonzalez, who dated the skulls, said:

"The museum knew that the remains were of significant historical value but they hadn't been scientifically dated." "I decided to analyse small bone samples from five skeletons using the latest carbon-dating techniques," she told BBC News Online. "I think everybody was amazed at how old they were." The earliest human remains tested prior to this had been dated at approximately 12,000 years ago. Domestic tools dated at 14,500 years have been found in Chile - but with no associated human remains. The latest dating is not only confirmation that humans were present in the Americas much earlier than 12,000 years ago, but also that they were not related to early native Americans.

The two oldest skulls were "dolichocephalic" - that is, long and narrow-headed. Other, more recent skulls were a different shape - short and broad, like those from native American remains. This suggests that humans dispersed within Mexico in two distinct waves, and that a race of long and narrow-headed humans may have lived in North America prior to the American Indians. Traditionally, American Indians were thought to have been the first to arrive on the continent, crossing from Asia on a land bridge.

Dr Gonzalez told BBC News Online: "We believe that the older race may have come from what is now Japan, via the Pacific islands and perhaps the California coast. "Our next project is to examine remains found in the Baha peninsula of California, and look at their DNA to see if they are related.

Sites with triangular and sometimes stemmed points and diverse modern fauna and flora, date to between 11,500 and 8,500 years ago. The first secure evidence of early Paleo-indians on the Pacific coast was from two south Peruvian sites with beginning dates between 11,100 and 10,700 years ago. At the sites Quebrada and Jaguay, the ancient hearths contained carbonized fragments of stone tools and remains of shellfish, small fish, and birds, but no large game.

Luzia: Several studies concerning the extra-continental morphological affinities of Paleo-Indian skeletons, carried out independently in South and North America, have indicated that the Americas were first occupied by non-Mongoloids that made their way to the New World through the Bering Strait in ancient times. The first South Americans show a clear resemblance to modern South Pacific and African populations. In none of these analyses the first Americans show any resemblance to either northeast Asians or modern native Americans.

So far, these studies have included affirmed and putative early skeletons thought to date between 8,000 and 10,000 years B.P.

In this work the extra-continental morphological affinities of a Paleo-Indian skeleton well dated between 11,000 and 11,500 years B.P. (Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1,"Luzia") is investigated, using as comparative samples Howells' (1989) world-wide modern series and Habgood's (1985) Old World Late. The results obtained clearly confirm the idea that the Americas were first colonized by a generalized Homo sapiens population which inhabited East Asia in the Late Pleistocene, before the definition of the classic Mongoloid morphology.

Above: A skull belonging to a roughly 20 year old Australoid woman that was unearthed in Brazil by the French archaeologist Annette Amperaire in 1971, nicknamed “Luzia”. Since Luzia's discovery, at least 50 similarly un-mongoloid Palaeoamerican remains have been found in the Lagoa Santa area near where    "Luzia" herself was found. They all seem to have been buried within a small area that may have been a cemetery. This raises the intriguing question of whether the Lagoa Santa population at this early time, was perhaps already settled in a specific area and perhaps were even no longer just hunter-gatherers.

Deep inside an underwater cave in Mexico, archaeologists may have discovered the oldest human skeleton ever found in the Americas. Dubbed Eva de Naharon, or Eve of Naharon, the female skeleton has been dated at 13,600 years old. If that age is accurate, the skeleton—along with three others found in underwater caves along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula.

DNA: Dr Gonzalez,  John Moores University Liverpool, Archaeologist Annette Amperaire

Ifa, Divination, Computer Science, 256 Odus

Ifa works with the unseen forces of the universe through the interplay of the forces of expansion and the forces of contraction. The forces of expansion are symbolised by a single vertical line (I).

The forces of contraction are symbolised by a double set of vertical lines (II). These forces are seen as existing in eight dimensions which form two spheres, one inside the other. This sphere is symbolised through the use of two vertical columns. Each column is made up of four sets of either single or double vertical lines. 

Orunmila, in order to make access to the retrieval of the Divine Message (Ifa) easy, devised the computer-compatible binary coding system, thousands of years before the emergence of computer consciousness in the so-called modern man! So, Ifa is preserved in binary coded format and is output Parable - Format. Ifa is coded within 256 Odus or Corpus, each Odu representing an esoteric pigeon-hole, itself divisible into 256 sub-holes. Within each of the 256 Odus, there are 1,680 Sacred Verses all presented in Parable - Format. Thus, the body of Ifa consists of 430,080 messages for mankind Prof. Olu Longe in His December 22, 1983, Inaugural lecture titled Ifa Divination And Computer Science asserted that Orunmila is one of the deities of the Yoruba while Ifa divination is a device for forecasting the future.

What have those two got to do with the high-tech world of computer science? 

Ifa is an ancient binary computer system that, in some inexplicable way, has successfully linked the probability of numbers with the complexities of the human condition and the ever-complex flux of events. Ifa, Longe said, is based on the 8-bit pattern with its eight-piece divination chain, 16 major odu (chapters) and 256 odu. Bade Ajayi in his paper titled A New Model of Ifa Binary System stated that Orunmila, the Yoruba God of Wisdom and divination uses a geomantic system of divination to arrive at appropriate signs and employs Ifa verses to interpret the signs.

Bade Ajayi emphasised in his paper that communication with the Odu is achieved by utilizing a calculated mathematical framework based on the prescribed course of conduct required from each Odu. In fact, the digital computer uses a binary system. Anthropomancy is based on a binary system and it is, therefore, a computer-oriented science that can be used in mathematical education.

Like the computer, Yoruba

At a divination session, several Ibo (instruments for casting lot), may be used to find detailed information about a client's problem. The commonest and simplest form of Ibo of Cowry Shells tied together representing types (1) and piece of animal bone representing “Iho” (0) This relates to computer language today, we need prediction (which is scientific and reliable) more than divination (which is religious and uncertain).

Considering the locio in the arms of the opele, the pairs should be punched (d) and there ‘bi’ pairs not punched (0) using this code paper model of Ifa -6-A-Bits computer model N has been developed. The 1st of the 3 images is the computer model worked out by Ifa's Opele. Ifa is also known as Voodoo in Haiti, Lucumi in Cuba, Obeah in the West Indies, Chamdole in the Caribbean and Sateria in Brazil. Including Sango Baptist.

Computer Science is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression and mechanisation of methodical processes (or algorithms).

It underlies the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of and access to information, whether it is encoded in bits and bytes in a computer memory or transcribed in genes and protein structures in a human cell.

The ikin (sacred kola nuts), the opele and other instruments are like the interfaces used to send inputs for processing. The opele is a divining chain consisting of two arms made of 8 beads on both the left side and the right side.

Now, just like bits are arranged in different patterns of zeros and ones to form a particular binary number or digit. The binary number formed from the arrangement or combination of zeros and ones in Computer Science can be likened to an odu ifa in ifa divination.

The image at the bottom right shows the opele nut combination. The concave or smooth side of a nut is represented as a band the convex side is represented as f. The concave side is two strokes, 1 in binary and the convex side is a stroke, 0 in binary.

The right side is called the male, and the left is called the female. In Computer Science, a byte consists of eight bits and a nibble represents four bits. Thus the four beads on one side of an opele can be likened to a nibble and all eight nuts are a byte in Computer Science.

Books: Prof. Olu Longe, Ifa Divination And Computer Science Bade Ajayi, A New Model of Ifa Binary Systems